The nurse is preparing to initiate a behavioral treatment program for a child with encopresis. Which of the following would the nurse most likely implement first?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bowel cleansing. This would most likely be implemented first because it helps to clear the colon of retained stool, which is essential in managing encopresis. By cleansing the bowel, it can help reset the child's bowel habits and reduce the likelihood of accidents. Administering mineral oil (choice A) may be used as a lubricant, but it does not address the underlying issue of fecal impaction. A low-fiber diet (choice C) is not recommended as it can exacerbate constipation. Toilet sitting after each meal (choice D) is important but may not be as effective if the colon is impacted with stool.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B (Oliguria) Rationale: 1. Oliguria (decreased urine output) is a classic sign of decreased cardiac output due to poor perfusion to the kidneys. 2. Decreased cardiac output results in reduced blood flow to the kidneys, leading to decreased urine production. 3. Shivering is a common postoperative response, not directly related to cardiac output. 4. Bradypnea (slow breathing) and constricted pupils are not typical signs of decreased cardiac output.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: DSM-5. The DSM-5 is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals. It provides criteria for diagnosing specific psychiatric disorders based on symptoms, behaviors, and other clinical features. By using the DSM-5, the nursing student can accurately identify which symptoms are present in a specific psychiatric disorder. A: Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and B: Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) are not specifically designed to identify symptoms of psychiatric disorders. NIC focuses on nursing interventions, while NOC focuses on nursing outcomes. C: NANDA-I nursing diagnoses provide a framework for identifying nursing problems and developing care plans but do not provide specific information on symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In summary, the DSM-5 is the most appropriate resource for identifying symptoms of psychiatric disorders, while the other choices are not specifically designed for this purpose.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pubescent individuals. Hebephilia is a paraphilic disorder characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in individuals who are in the early stages of puberty, typically around the ages of 11 to 14. This is different from pedophilic disorder, which involves a sexual preference for prepubescent children. Choice A (Infants) is incorrect as infants are prepubescent. Choice C (Teens between the ages of 15 and 19) is incorrect as these individuals are typically considered adolescents rather than pubescent. Choice D (Males only) is incorrect as hebephilia can occur in individuals of any gender.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the Patient Self-Determination Act emphasizes the importance of discussing end-of-life choices with family or a designated surrogate. This question aligns with the act's goal of promoting patient autonomy and ensuring that patients have a say in their healthcare decisions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the act's focus on end-of-life planning and decision-making with family or a designated surrogate. A focuses on access to medical information, C on informed decision-making about treatment, and D on helping the patient feel comfortable, which are important but not specifically related to the Patient Self-Determination Act.