The nurse is preparing to examine the external genitalia of a school-age girl. Which position would be most appropriate in this situation?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, placing the girl in a frog-leg position on the examining table. This position provides optimal access and visualization of the external genitalia while ensuring the child's comfort and privacy. Placing the child in the parent's lap (A) may hinder the nurse's ability to perform the examination effectively. The lithotomy position (C) with feet in stirrups is typically used for pelvic exams in older females and may not be necessary for a school-age girl. Lying flat with legs extended (D) would also not provide the necessary access and visibility required for the examination.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ovarian cysts. Ovarian cysts can cause dysmenorrhea by disrupting the normal menstrual cycle and causing pain. Endometriosis (B) is another common cause of dysmenorrhea, but it involves the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Uterine contractions (A) are a normal part of menstruation and may cause cramping but are not the primary cause of dysmenorrhea. PCOS (D) is a hormonal disorder that can cause irregular periods and pain, but it is not the most likely cause of dysmenorrhea in this case.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Painful urination and frequent bladder infections. Interstitial cystitis is characterized by chronic bladder inflammation causing pain and discomfort during urination. This leads to painful urination and an increased risk of developing frequent bladder infections due to the compromised bladder lining. Severe abdominal cramping (A) is not a common symptom of interstitial cystitis. Frequent urination and pelvic pressure (C) are also common symptoms but not specific to interstitial cystitis. Dysuria and urinary retention (D) are not typically associated with interstitial cystitis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Renin is produced and released by the kidney in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Renin initiates the RAAS cascade by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal glands, promotes sodium and water retention. Therefore, choice A is correct as renin is the hormone produced by the kidney to regulate blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are downstream products of the RAAS cascade and are not directly produced by the kidney.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. This hormone helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. The other choices, A: Lungs, C: Liver, and D: Pineal gland, do not secrete ADH. Lungs are responsible for gas exchange, the liver performs various metabolic functions, and the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin secretion. Therefore, the pituitary gland is the only gland among the options that secretes the antidiuretic hormone.