The nurse is planning a hypertension-prevention program. What should be the main focus of the nurse when presenting information?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a hypertension-prevention program for pediatric patients, the main focus should be on patient education (Option C). This is the correct answer because educating patients and their families about lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and the importance of regular physical activity are vital components in preventing and managing hypertension in children. Pharmacological treatment (Option A) is not the main focus in a prevention program for pediatric hypertension. While medications may be necessary in some cases, focusing solely on pharmacological interventions neglects the importance of lifestyle modifications and education. Surgical interventions (Option B) are rarely used in the management of pediatric hypertension unless in extreme cases where other treatments have failed. Therefore, it is not the main focus of a prevention program. Reduction of aerobic exercise (Option D) is also not the main focus as regular physical activity is essential in preventing hypertension. Encouraging exercise and healthy habits is a key component of managing and preventing hypertension in children. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to emphasize the importance of patient education when addressing pediatric cardiovascular disorders like hypertension. By empowering patients and families with the knowledge and skills to make healthy lifestyle choices, the long-term impact of hypertension can be reduced, ultimately improving the health outcomes of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders, understanding electrocardiogram (ECG) findings is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. When a dome and dart P wave is observed in lead V1, it is suggestive of biatrial enlargement. This ECG pattern indicates that both the right and left atria are enlarged, leading to altered atrial depolarization and resulting in the characteristic dome and dart appearance. Option A, dextrocardia, is incorrect because dextrocardia refers to a congenital condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest, which would not specifically cause the dome and dart P wave pattern in lead V1. Option B, left atrial ectopic rhythm, is incorrect as an ectopic rhythm originating from the left atrium would not typically manifest as a dome and dart P wave in lead V1. Ectopic rhythms would present with different ECG findings. Option D, mitral stenosis, is also incorrect because mitral stenosis primarily affects the left atrium and ventricle, leading to specific ECG changes such as P mitrale but not a dome and dart P wave in lead V1. Educationally, recognizing ECG patterns associated with specific cardiac conditions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders. Understanding the significance of the dome and dart P wave in lead V1 can aid in prompt identification of biatrial enlargement and appropriate intervention to manage the condition effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric patients, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for overall health and well-being. Option B, stating that a fluid deficit of 50ml/kg produces a body weight loss of 10%, is correct. This is because dehydration in children can lead to significant weight loss, making it a reliable indicator of fluid imbalance. Option A is incorrect because the normal maintenance requirement in a child weighing 20 kg is approximately 1,000 ml (50 ml/kg/day), not 1.5 liters/day, which would be excessive for a child of this weight. Option C is incorrect because hypotension is a late and severe sign of dehydration, not moderate dehydration. Earlier signs include tachycardia, decreased urine output, and dry mucous membranes. Option D is incorrect as the normal maintenance needs of sodium for a child are around 2-3 mmol/kg/day, not 5-6 mmol/kg/day. Excessive sodium intake can lead to hypernatremia and other complications. In an educational context, understanding fluid and electrolyte balance in pediatric patients is essential for nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders. Proper assessment and management of dehydration are critical skills to prevent complications and promote optimal health outcomes in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the impact of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is crucial as they can lead to serious complications. The correct answer, D, "Is associated with constipation," is the most appropriate choice because constipation can contribute to UTIs in children by causing a backup of urine, leading to bacterial overgrowth and infection in the urinary tract. Option A, "Usually leads to vesico-ureteric reflux," is incorrect because while UTIs can sometimes be associated with vesico-ureteric reflux, it is not a universal outcome of UTIs. Option B, "Is more common in boys than girls under a year of age," is incorrect. UTIs are actually more common in girls, especially in the first year of life, due to anatomical differences that make them more susceptible to infections. Option C, "In boys, is most commonly caused by Proteus mirabilis," is also incorrect. While Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of UTIs in boys, it is not the most common pathogen responsible for UTIs in this population. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to recognize the risk factors and common etiologies of UTIs in pediatric patients to provide appropriate care and prevent complications. Understanding the relationship between constipation and UTIs can help nurses implement preventive measures and early interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rett syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects girls and leads to severe impairments in motor, cognitive, and social functioning. The correct answer is D) Wringing hand movements. This is a classic feature of Rett syndrome, where affected individuals show repetitive, stereotyped hand movements such as wringing, clapping, or tapping. Option A) Social withdrawal is not typically a defining feature of Rett syndrome. While individuals with Rett syndrome may experience social difficulties, the hallmark symptoms are more related to motor function. Option B) Self-mutilation can occur in some cases of Rett syndrome but is not as characteristic as the hand-wringing movements seen in these individuals. Option C) Macrocephaly, or abnormally large head size, is not typically associated with Rett syndrome. In fact, individuals with Rett syndrome often have normal head size or even microcephaly. In an educational context, understanding the specific clinical manifestations of Rett syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses caring for pediatric patients. By recognizing the key features of the syndrome, healthcare providers can facilitate early diagnosis, appropriate interventions, and supportive care for individuals with Rett syndrome and their families. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided and contributes to improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients.