The nurse is counseling a female patient diagnosed with anovulation as a cause of infertility. Which information does the nurse provide to the patient? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, option A is the correct answer. The nurse would provide information on methods for dietary planning to the patient diagnosed with anovulation as it can be a contributing factor to infertility. Anovulation is a condition where a woman does not ovulate regularly or at all, affecting her ability to conceive. Dietary changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and consuming a balanced diet rich in nutrients, can help regulate ovulation and improve fertility. Option B, consultation for myomectomy, is incorrect as myomectomy is a surgical procedure to remove uterine fibroids, which are not typically associated with anovulation. This option does not address the underlying cause of infertility in this case. Option C, refraining from unprotected sex, is also incorrect. While timing intercourse around ovulation can increase the chances of conception, advising complete abstinence would not be appropriate in this scenario. Option D, surgical correction of fallopian tubes, is not relevant to anovulation, as fallopian tube issues are separate from ovulation problems. Surgical correction of fallopian tubes is more commonly indicated for conditions like blockages that impede the fertilization process. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand the underlying causes of infertility and how to provide appropriate counseling and guidance to patients. By recognizing the significance of dietary factors in managing anovulation-related infertility, nurses can empower patients to make positive lifestyle changes to improve their chances of conception. This knowledge equips nurses to deliver holistic care and support to individuals struggling with infertility.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Prenatal testing in the first trimester helps assess the risk of abnormalities in the fetus. This is because during the first trimester, prenatal testing such as ultrasound and blood tests are typically done to screen for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and other genetic conditions. Early detection allows for informed decision-making regarding the pregnancy and potential interventions. Option A is incorrect because determining the gender of the fetus is not the primary focus of prenatal testing in the first trimester. Gender determination is usually done later in the pregnancy if desired. Option C is incorrect as monitoring the growth and development of the placenta is not a primary objective of first-trimester prenatal testing. Option D is also incorrect as detecting potential maternal infections is not the primary purpose of first-trimester prenatal testing. Educationally, understanding the purpose of prenatal testing in each trimester is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to educate pregnant women effectively, ensure appropriate testing is performed, and support informed decision-making regarding pregnancy management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of prenatal testing for fetal genetic disorders and neural tube defects, selecting the correct screening tests in the second trimester is crucial for accurate assessment. The correct answer, option B - multiple marker screening, is an appropriate choice for this stage of pregnancy. Multiple marker screening, also known as quad screen or quadruple marker test, is typically performed between 15 to 20 weeks of gestation. This test evaluates maternal blood levels of various markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A. Abnormal levels of these markers can indicate an increased risk of certain genetic disorders or neural tube defects in the fetus. In contrast, options A, C, and D are not typically performed as screening tests in the second trimester. Amniocentesis (option A) and chorionic villus sampling (CVS - option D) are diagnostic tests that involve sampling of amniotic fluid or placental tissue respectively, and are usually performed in the second trimester for definitive genetic testing if an abnormality is detected on a screening test. Cell-free DNA testing (option C) is a non-invasive prenatal test that analyzes fetal DNA circulating in the maternal bloodstream. While it can be performed in the second trimester, it is not typically considered a screening test for fetal genetic disorders and neural tube defects during this specific stage of pregnancy. Educationally, understanding the timing and purpose of different prenatal tests is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in prenatal care. By knowing which tests are appropriate for screening in each trimester, nurses and other healthcare providers can effectively educate and support expectant parents in making informed decisions about their prenatal testing options. This knowledge also enables healthcare professionals to interpret test results accurately and provide appropriate counseling and guidance based on the findings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) pelvic tilt exercise. During pregnancy, the growing uterus can cause strain on the lower back, leading to discomfort. Pelvic tilt exercises help strengthen and stretch the muscles in the back, abdomen, and pelvis, providing support to the spine and reducing back pain. These exercises also help maintain good posture and improve stability, all of which are crucial during pregnancy to alleviate lower back discomfort. Option B) sit in a hot tub is incorrect because hot tubs are not recommended during pregnancy due to the risk of hyperthermia, which can be harmful to the developing fetus. Pregnant individuals should avoid hot tubs, saunas, and hot baths to prevent raising their core body temperature. Option C) sleep on a soft mattress is incorrect because a soft mattress may not provide adequate support for the spine, leading to increased back discomfort. It is recommended for pregnant individuals to sleep on a firm mattress to maintain proper spinal alignment and reduce back pain. Option D) wear a girdle is incorrect because wearing a girdle can restrict movement and compress the abdomen, potentially causing discomfort and interfering with the natural changes in the body during pregnancy. It is important for pregnant individuals to wear comfortable, supportive clothing that allows for freedom of movement and does not constrict the abdomen. In an educational context, it is essential for nurses to provide evidence-based recommendations for managing common discomforts during pregnancy. By understanding the benefits of pelvic tilt exercises and the potential risks associated with other options, nurses can empower pregnant individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being during this critical time.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Heartburn occurs because the cardiac sphincter relaxes, allowing stomach acid to come up into the esophagus. This is the appropriate response because during pregnancy, the hormone progesterone causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the body, including the cardiac sphincter. This relaxation allows stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus, leading to heartburn. It is important for the pregnant person to understand this physiological change to manage their symptoms effectively. Option A is incorrect because heartburn during pregnancy is not solely due to food cravings. Option B is incorrect as increased salivation does not directly cause heartburn. Option D is incorrect because while metabolism does increase during pregnancy, it is the relaxation of the cardiac sphincter that primarily contributes to heartburn in pregnant individuals. Understanding the physiological changes during pregnancy is crucial for healthcare providers to educate pregnant individuals on managing common discomforts and promoting overall well-being during this unique life stage. By explaining the underlying mechanisms, nurses empower pregnant individuals to make informed decisions regarding their health and well-being.