The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient asks about the best way to prevent respiratory infections. What is the nurse's best response?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The nurse's response should focus on preventing respiratory infections in a patient with COPD. Step 2: Yearly flu shots are recommended to prevent influenza, a common trigger for respiratory infections in COPD. Step 3: Avoiding crowds during flu season reduces exposure to pathogens, further preventing infections. Step 4: Increasing nebulizer treatments does not directly prevent infections but may help manage COPD symptoms. Step 5: Vitamin C may have some benefits but is not a primary preventive measure for respiratory infections in COPD. Step 6: Regular antibiotic use is not recommended to prevent infections due to the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential side effects. Conclusion: Option A is the best response as it includes evidence-based strategies to prevent respiratory infections in a patient with COPD.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: bile. The liver secretes bile to aid in digestion by emulsifying fats, helping in their breakdown and absorption. Insulin (choice A) is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not aid in digestion. Gastrin (choice C) is a hormone produced by the stomach to stimulate the secretion of gastric acid, not by the liver. Pepsin (choice D) is an enzyme produced in the stomach to break down proteins, not secreted by the liver.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The colon's main role in digestion is the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces. This process helps maintain body fluid balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Carbohydrates are primarily digested in the small intestine. C) Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding in fat digestion in the small intestine. D) Enzymes are secreted in the stomach and small intestine to aid in digestion, not in the colon.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that passes through the small intestine. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes to maintain the body's fluid balance. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients and vitamins, while the stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Therefore, the large intestine is the correct choice for water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump directly targets the mechanism responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting this pump, the production of acid is reduced. A H receptor blocker (choice A) and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice C) work by blocking specific receptors involved in stimulating acid secretion. A nicotinic cholinergic receptor blocker (choice B) blocks a different type of receptor that is not directly involved in regulating acid secretion. In summary, the inhibitor of the hydrogen-potassium pump (choice D) is the most direct and effective way to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach compared to the other choices.