The nurse is caring for a patient who has a calcium level of 12.1 mg/dL. Which nursing action should the nurse include on the care plan?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Monitor for Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs. A calcium level of 12.1 mg/dL indicates hypercalcemia, which can lead to neuromuscular irritability. Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs are manifestations of hypocalcemia, but in the context of hypercalcemia, they may also present due to the calcium imbalance affecting neuromuscular function. Therefore, monitoring for these signs is crucial for early detection of potential complications. Choice A is incorrect because bed rest is not specifically indicated for hypercalcemia unless there are other medical reasons necessitating it. Choice B is incorrect because auscultating lung sounds every 4 hours is not directly related to managing hypercalcemia. Choice C is incorrect because encouraging fluid intake up to 4000 mL daily may not be appropriate without considering the patient's renal function and the potential risk of fluid overload in the context of hypercalcemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of coarse, muddy brown granular casts in the urinalysis indicates intrarenal disease, specifically acute tubular necrosis. This condition is characterized by damage to the renal tubules, leading to the presence of casts in the urine. The patient's symptoms of malaise, fatigue, and decreased urinary output are consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Choice A is incorrect because it does not specify the underlying cause of the kidney injury. Choice B is incorrect as prerenal conditions would typically present with different urinalysis findings. Choice C is incorrect as postrenal obstruction would not typically lead to the presence of granular casts in the urine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because assessing the catheter site for redness and swelling is crucial in monitoring for signs of infection, which is a common complication with percutaneous dialysis catheters. This step helps in early detection and prompt intervention to prevent further complications. Incorrect choices: A: This choice is too vague and does not provide specific guidance on catheter care. B: Applying a sterile gauze dressing is important, but it is not the most critical step in caring for a percutaneous dialysis catheter. C: Replacing the transparent dressing every 10 days is not recommended as it may increase the risk of infection due to unnecessary manipulation of the catheter site.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presence of protein in the glomerular filtrate would indicate a problem with renal function because normally, the glomerulus filters out waste products like creatinine and electrolytes like sodium, but retains proteins. If proteins are found in the filtrate, it suggests that the filtration barrier of the kidney is compromised, leading to protein leakage. Creatinine is a waste product that should be filtered out, so its presence alone does not indicate a renal issue. Sodium is an electrolyte that is normally filtered out efficiently, and the presence of red blood cells in the filtrate would indicate a problem with the filtration process rather than renal function. Therefore, only choice A (Protein) is a clear indicator of a problem with renal function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D Rationale: 1. Body fluids consist of water and solutes dissolved in it, such as ions, proteins, and other molecules. 2. Referring to body fluids as 'body water' would not account for the presence of solutes in the fluids. 3. It is essential to acknowledge that body fluids are a combination of water and various dissolved substances. 4. By recognizing that body fluids are water plus solutes, the complexity and composition of these fluids are accurately represented. Summary of other choices: A. Incorrect. Internal body cavities are still considered part of the body, so this does not explain why 'body water' is inaccurate. B. Incorrect. Sweat is still a body fluid that contains water and solutes, so this does not address the inaccuracy in the term 'body water.' C. Incorrect. While some body fluids may contain lipids, not all body fluids are lipid-based, so this does not explain the inaccuracy of the term '