The nurse is caring for a patient receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following should the nurse do first if the patient develops chills and fever?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stop the transfusion and notify the healthcare provider. This is the first step because chills and fever during a blood transfusion could indicate a transfusion reaction, which can be serious. Stopping the transfusion is crucial to prevent further complications. Notifying the healthcare provider promptly ensures appropriate assessment and management. Administering acetaminophen (choice B) may help with fever but does not address the underlying issue. Checking the blood bag (choice C) can be done after stopping the transfusion. Increasing the rate of the transfusion (choice D) can exacerbate the reaction and should be avoided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: water. Water is the only nutrient that is absorbed in the stomach. The stomach mainly digests food using stomach acid and enzymes, but absorption of nutrients primarily occurs in the small intestine. Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine, proteins are broken down in the stomach and further digested in the small intestine, and carbohydrates are primarily broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. Water, on the other hand, can be absorbed in the stomach through osmosis due to its small molecular size and the presence of aquaporins in the stomach lining.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to aid in digestion. The liver plays a crucial role in bile production, whereas the pancreas is primarily responsible for producing digestive enzymes. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it. The small intestine is where bile acts to break down fats. Therefore, the liver is most associated with bile due to its production and regulation of bile.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway. This action ensures that food goes down the esophagus to the stomach. The other choices (B, C, D) are involved in controlling the flow of food in the digestive system at different points, but they do not specifically prevent food from entering the windpipe like the epiglottis does.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats, not carbohydrates. Cellulose cannot be digested by human amylases, making choice A incorrect. Starch digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase, not one-third in the mouth and two-thirds in the small gut, so choice C is incorrect. Carbohydrate digestion can occur simultaneously with protein digestion, so choice D is also incorrect. Bile salts aid in emulsifying fats, facilitating their digestion and absorption in the small intestine.