The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled to receive metoprolol (Lopressor). What should the nurse teach the client about this medication?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. One common side effect of beta-blockers is orthostatic hypotension, which can cause a drop in blood pressure when changing positions from lying down to sitting or standing. To prevent dizziness or fainting due to this side effect, clients taking metoprolol should be advised to change positions slowly to allow their body to adjust and minimize the risk of falls or injury.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A trace amount of protein in the urine dipstick test can indicate proteinuria, which can be a sign of kidney dysfunction. The presence of protein in the urine may lead to fluid retention and potential imbalances in fluid volume. Therefore, the appropriate nursing diagnosis in this situation would be "Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume," as monitoring and management of fluid balance would be crucial for the client's overall health and prevention of further complications related to kidney function.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A congenital heart defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow can lead to reduced cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and a decrease in pulmonary blood flow can affect the heart's ability to effectively pump blood to the body. Therefore, the appropriate nursing diagnosis for this client would be Decreased Cardiac Output. This diagnosis reflects the underlying physiological issue caused by the congenital heart defect and guides the nurse in planning appropriate interventions to support and optimize the child's cardiac function.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neurogenic shock is characterized by decreased vascular resistance due to loss of sympathetic tone. In this type of shock, there is widespread vasodilation leading to pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels, resulting in decreased venous return to the heart. The decreased vascular resistance results in relative hypovolemia despite normal blood volume, leading to compensatory mechanisms such as increased pulse and respirations to maintain tissue perfusion. The warm and flushed skin in neurogenic shock is a result of peripheral vasodilation, while the normal blood pressure is maintained due to the compensatory mechanisms and the lack of actual blood volume loss. Additionally, the elevated body temperature is a possible manifestation due to the systemic response to the shock state.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the statement accurately reflects the physiology of the neuroendocrine compensatory mechanism. When there is a decrease in cardiac output, the body activates the sympathetic nervous system and releases catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. These catecholamines help increase heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. This compensatory mechanism aims to overcome the decreased cardiac output and maintain adequate tissue perfusion in response to stress or reduced blood flow.