The nurse is caring for a child with hypernatremia. The nurse evaluates the child for which signs and symptoms of hypernatremia? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with hypernatremia, the nurse must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms associated with this condition. The correct answer is option A, which includes all the signs and symptoms mentioned. Lethargy is a common symptom of hypernatremia due to the effects of electrolyte imbalances on the nervous system. Oliguria, or decreased urine output, is another common manifestation of hypernatremia as the body tries to conserve water. Intense thirst is also a classic symptom as the body attempts to correct the imbalance by increasing fluid intake. Option A is correct because all these signs and symptoms are commonly seen in hypernatremia. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not cover the comprehensive range of manifestations associated with hypernatremia. Educationally, understanding these signs and symptoms of hypernatremia is crucial for nurses caring for children as prompt recognition and intervention are essential in managing electrolyte imbalances effectively to prevent further complications. This knowledge helps nurses provide appropriate care, monitor the child's condition, and collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure optimal outcomes for the child.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding urine test results is essential for assessing the health of children. In this question, the correct answer is A) pH 4.0, which is considered abnormal. A pH of 4.0 is indicative of acidic urine, which may suggest a possible urinary tract infection, metabolic disorder, or renal issues in children. Option B) WBC 1 or 2 cells/ml is not indicative of an abnormal urine test result in children. A small number of white blood cells in the urine can be normal or may indicate a mild infection. Option C) Protein level absent is also not an abnormal result. Absence of protein in the urine is typically considered normal in children and indicates good kidney function. Option D) Specific gravity 1.020 is within the normal range for urine concentration. Specific gravity reflects the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, and 1.020 is a common value seen in children with normal hydration status. Understanding abnormal urine test results in children is crucial for early detection and intervention in various health conditions. Nurses caring for children need to be knowledgeable about interpreting these results to provide appropriate care and support to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, cooperative play. In cooperative play, children work together toward a common goal, such as completing a puzzle. Solitary play (A) is when a child plays alone, associative play (B) involves children playing together but without a common goal, and parallel play (C) is when children play alongside each other without direct interaction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because screaming and thrashing his arms and legs are indicative behaviors of discomfort or pain in young children. The child's actions suggest a higher likelihood of experiencing postoperative pain and necessitate further evaluation. Choices A, B, and C do not exhibit overt signs of distress or discomfort associated with pain, making them less likely candidates for postoperative pain assessment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct response is to let the parents know they are allowed to stay with the child. Allowing parents to stay with the child can help reduce the child's anxiety and provide comfort. Choice A is incorrect as the parents should be encouraged to stay with their child. Choice B is not the immediate response the nurse should provide. Choice D is inappropriate as it does not address the benefits and importance of parental presence for the child's well-being during hospitalization.