The nurse is aware that the following terms used to describe reduced cardiac output and perfusion impairment due to ineffective pumping of the heart is:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B (Cardiogenic shock) as the correct answer: 1. Cardiogenic shock refers to reduced cardiac output and perfusion impairment due to ineffective pumping of the heart. 2. In cardiogenic shock, the heart's ability to pump blood is compromised, leading to decreased circulation and inadequate perfusion. 3. Anaphylactic shock (choice A) is a severe allergic reaction, not related to cardiac function. 4. Distributive shock (choice C) involves widespread vasodilation and impaired blood flow regulation, not solely related to ineffective heart pumping. 5. Myocardial infarction (MI) (choice D) is a heart attack resulting from blocked blood flow to the heart, not directly related to reduced cardiac output.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Choice A (Correct Answer): - Children with ADHD benefit from structure to help them stay organized and focused. - Providing a structured environment helps them understand expectations and routines. - Structure can also help in managing impulsivity and improving behavior. Summary of Other Choices: - Choice B (Ignore overactivity) is incorrect as ignoring the behavior can lead to further issues and does not address the underlying need for structure. - Choice C (Encourage play to dissipate energy) may not address the core issues of ADHD related to organization and focus. - Choice D (Remove child from classroom) does not provide a proactive approach to managing ADHD and may not teach the child appropriate coping strategies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pre-operational stage. Piaget's stages of cognitive development outline that at age 5, children are typically in the pre-operational stage characterized by symbolic representation, egocentrism, and inability to perform logical operations. In this stage, children engage in pretend play and use symbols to represent objects. The sensorimotor stage (A) occurs from birth to age 2, concrete operations (B) typically happen around ages 7-11, and formal operations (D) usually emerge around ages 11-15. Therefore, based on Piaget's theory, a 5-year-old is most likely in the pre-operational stage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates therapeutic communication by acknowledging the patient's feelings and gently challenging her perception. This response encourages the patient to reflect on her statement and potentially recognize any confusion or delusion. Choice A is incorrect as it is abrupt and insensitive, disregarding the patient's feelings. Choice B is also incorrect as it is harsh and lacks empathy. Choice C is incorrect as it is dismissive and does not address the patient's emotional needs. In summary, option D is the best choice as it promotes dialogue and helps the patient explore her thoughts, while the other options lack empathy and may cause distress to the patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Establish trust through a consistent approach. Rationale: 1. Establishing trust is essential in the initial stages of counseling to create a safe and supportive environment. 2. Trust helps the client feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feelings openly. 3. Consistency in approach builds predictability and reliability, which fosters a sense of security for the client. 4. By focusing on trust-building first, the counselor can then effectively address the client's fears in a supportive and understanding manner. Summary: A: Encouraging the client to verbalize fears without establishing trust may lead to them feeling vulnerable or judged. B: Helping the client find meaning in feelings is important but should come after trust is established. D: Accepting fears without criticism is important, but trust-building should come first for effective support.