The nurse is assessing a client experiencing anemia. Which laboratory findings will the nurse expect for this client? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decreased red blood cell count. Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells, leading to a lower than normal red blood cell count. In anemia, the body cannot transport enough oxygen to tissues, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath. Increased hematocrit (A) and decreased hemoglobin (D) are related to anemia but not specific enough to be conclusive. Decreased serum iron (C) may be seen in iron-deficiency anemia but is not always present in all types of anemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vitamin K deficiency. Prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time indicate impaired blood clotting, which is characteristic of vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is essential for synthesizing clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. Hemophilia A (choice A) is a genetic disorder resulting in deficiency of clotting factor VIII, not vitamin K-dependent factors. Thrombocytopenia (choice B) is a condition characterized by low platelet count, not affecting clotting factor synthesis. Von Willebrand factor disease (choice C) involves a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, not related to vitamin K deficiency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with translocation of c-myc gene on chromosome 8, not chromosome 18. This translocation leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Choice B is incorrect because Burkitt's lymphoma commonly presents with jaw or facial bone involvement in HIV patients. Choice C is incorrect as the association between Epstein Barr infection and malaria exposure in African children increases the risk of Burkitt's lymphoma. Choice D is incorrect because Burkitt's lymphoma is histologically characterized by a 'starry sky' appearance due to macrophages engulfing apoptotic tumor cells, not due to the presence of the c-myc translocation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why the correct answer is D (Iron deficiency anemia): 1. Koilonychias is characterized by spoon-shaped nails, a classic sign of iron deficiency anemia due to changes in nail structure. 2. Iron deficiency leads to decreased production of keratin, causing nail deformities like koilonychias. 3. Hemolytic anemia (choice A) and Sickle cell disease (choice B) are not typically associated with koilonychias. 4. Thalassemia major (choice C) can cause nail changes, but koilonychias is more commonly seen in iron deficiency anemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Irradiating the blood components before transfusion. Graft versus host disease occurs when donor T-cells attack the recipient's tissues in bone marrow transplant patients. Irradiating blood components helps to deactivate T-cells in the donor blood, preventing them from attacking the recipient's tissues. Transfusion of packed cells (A) or fresh whole blood (C) does not address the issue of T-cell activation. Replacement by crystalloids (D) is not a solution for preventing graft versus host disease.