Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: changing the subject. This is because changing the subject can disrupt the flow of communication and hinder understanding. By abruptly shifting the focus away from the current topic, the nurse may miss important information or fail to address the patient's concerns. Nonjudgmental remarks (B) are encouraged to foster open communication. Giving advice (C) and asking probing questions (D) can be effective communication tools when used appropriately, but they may not necessarily block effective communication if done in a respectful and empathetic manner.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because developing a plan of care and measurable objectives with the patient promotes patient-centered care, collaboration, and shared decision-making. It ensures that the patient's preferences and needs are considered, leading to better outcomes. A: Demonstrating human caring by hugging the patient may be inappropriate due to professional boundaries and individual comfort levels. B: Disclosing shared intimate details with other healthcare providers violates patient confidentiality and privacy. C: Maintaining a physical distance is important for infection control but does not address the holistic care needs of the patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Be honest with the nurses about your strengths and about areas that need improvement." This statement is the most appropriate because it emphasizes the importance of being transparent and authentic in one's interactions. By acknowledging both strengths and areas for improvement, the student nurse shows humility, self-awareness, and a willingness to learn. This approach fosters trust and respect from other nurses, as it demonstrates a commitment to personal and professional growth. Option A is incorrect because it discourages the student nurse by implying that credibility is unattainable due to lack of experience. Option B is incorrect as it suggests hiding feelings of inadequacy, which can lead to inauthenticity and hinder genuine connections with colleagues. Option D is incorrect as it promotes a superficial and transactional approach to building relationships, rather than focusing on genuine communication and mutual respect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because understanding cultural influences on healthcare perceptions and behaviors is essential for providing effective care to patients from different backgrounds. By discovering these influences, the nurse can better communicate, build trust, and provide culturally sensitive care. Choice B is incorrect as it may disregard the importance of the patients' own cultural beliefs and practices. Choice C is incorrect as avoiding confrontation of discrimination issues may perpetuate disparities in care. Choice D is incorrect as speaking Spanish is helpful but not as crucial as understanding cultural influences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Understand that equianalgesic doses are based on average conversion ratios. Step 2: Recognize that individual patient variations can affect opioid conversion accuracy. Step 3: Understand that cross-tolerance can impact the efficacy of equianalgesic conversions. Step 4: Acknowledge that upward titration may be necessary to ensure adequate pain control. Step 5: Realize that starting with a lower dose of hydromorphone may not provide adequate pain relief due to potential cross-tolerance. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it emphasizes the importance of considering individual patient factors and the potential need for upward titration to ensure safety and efficacy in pain management. Summary: - Option A is incorrect because it focuses on verifying the equianalgesic dose rather than considering individual patient factors. - Option C is irrelevant as it does not address the need for potential dose adjustment. - Option D is incomplete and does not provide any guidance on managing the opioid