The nurse is administering oral medications to a patient. Which are important considerations? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C - "Avoid mixing medications into infant formula." This is important because mixing medications into infant formula can alter the medication's efficacy or cause serious harm to the infant. It is crucial to administer medications as directed by healthcare providers to ensure proper dosage and absorption. Incorrect choices: A - Administering GI-irritating drugs with food may reduce stomach irritation, but it is not always necessary and depends on specific drug instructions. B - The statement about sublingual nitroglycerin is unrelated to the administration of oral medications. D - Adding water and crushing drugs before disposal is not a standard practice for administering oral medications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug is a process known as glucuronidation, a Phase II metabolism reaction. This conjugation reaction is essential for detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. By adding glucuronic acid, the drug becomes more water-soluble, facilitating its excretion. Therefore, Option B is correct as it leads to inactivation of the drug. Option A is incorrect as it actually increases water solubility. Option C is incorrect as glucuronidation is a Phase II reaction. Option D is incorrect as the rate of glucuronidation can vary between adults and newborns due to developmental differences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Liver. Bio-transformation of drugs mainly occurs in the liver due to the presence of enzymes responsible for metabolizing drugs. The liver plays a crucial role in breaking down drugs into metabolites that can be excreted from the body. The kidney (A) primarily filters and eliminates waste products, not metabolize drugs. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and immune response, not drug metabolism. The brain (C) is mainly responsible for neurological functions, not drug metabolism. Thus, the liver is the primary site for bio-transformation of drugs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release acetylcholine. Step 2: In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia. Step 3: Since preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, they will also release acetylcholine at the synapse in the ganglion. Summary: - Dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are not typically released by sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. - Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons in the autonomic nervous system, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: - Endorphin is a neuropeptide hormone, not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids. - Prostacyclin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all eicosanoids produced from fatty acids. - Endorphins are produced in the brain and nervous system, mainly known for their role in pain regulation. - Eicosanoids play roles in inflammation, blood clotting, and regulating blood pressure. - Therefore, the correct answer is C, Endorphin, as it is not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids.