The nurse is administering Lithium to her patient. The nurse knows that Lithium is used to treat which of the following disorders?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by mood swings that range from depressive lows to manic highs. Lithium helps stabilize these mood swings by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain. It is not used to treat hypertension, nausea, or thyroid disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that can cause neurological symptoms such as changes in cognition and personality. A sudden change in the client no longer recognizing a family member could indicate a worsening of the tumor or potential complications from the treatment with dexamethasone. This change in cognition should raise immediate concern for the nurse as it may signal a decline in the client's neurological status requiring prompt assessment and intervention. The other options are also important to monitor, but the change in cognition is the most concerning as it suggests a more immediate and potentially serious issue.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that is generally well-absorbed with or without food, but taking it with food can help reduce gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea. The statement 'This medication should not be taken with food' indicates a misunderstanding, as food does not significantly impair its absorption. The other statements are correct: completing the prescription prevents antibiotic resistance, reporting genital itching is important for identifying potential yeast infections, and excess bleeding could indicate a rare but serious side effect like thrombocytopenia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: One of the most common components added to local anesthetic solutions to reduce the systemic uptake of the anesthetic agent is a vasoconstrictor. Vasoconstrictors, such as epinephrine, work by causing constriction of blood vessels at the site of injection. This constriction reduces blood flow to the area, which in turn reduces the systemic absorption of the anesthetic agent. By limiting systemic absorption, vasoconstrictors can help to prolong the duration of local anesthesia and minimize potential side effects associated with high systemic levels of the anesthetic agent, such as cardiovascular effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine) block sodium channels, not potassium, halting depolarization, so that's false. They prevent depolarization, not repolarization, making that false. Vasoconstrictors (e.g., epinephrine) prolong action, not vasodilators, which shorten it, so that's incorrect. High extracellular potassium enhances activity by depolarizing membranes closer to threshold, a true statement. High calcium reduces efficacy by stabilizing membranes. The potassium effect is a subtle but real modulator of anesthetic potency, relevant in tissue conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Drugs that act simultaneously on a mixed group of receptors with an agonist action on one set and with an antagonist action on the other are termed as mixed agonist-antagonists. These drugs can have a dual effect on different types of receptors within the same system. They can elicit both agonist-like responses at one receptor and antagonist-like responses at another receptor, leading to a mixed overall effect on the system. This unique property makes them different from pure agonists, pure antagonists, or partial agonists which typically have a unidirectional effect on receptors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Repeating the dose if the spray is not felt is incorrect and can lead to overdose. The delivery system is designed for 30 doses, and unused solution should be discarded. Miacalcin is typically administered as one spray daily in one nostril. Vitamin D supplementation may be recommended to support bone health, but it is not a direct instruction for using Miacalcin.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It is particularly effective in reducing the frequency and severity of manic episodes. By stabilizing mood and decreasing manic symptoms, lithium helps to prevent the occurrence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. It does not specifically target blood pressure, seizure activity, or urinary output.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Zolpidem's absorption slows with food (e.g., high-fat meals), delaying sleep onset, per pharmacokinetics. Tyramine isn't relevant-no MAOI link. It's Category C (pregnancy risk), not safe in breastfeeding. It's a non-benzo hypnotic. Food delay is accurate, affecting use.