The nurse explains to the client that extra television time will be awarded based on appropriate behavior during group therapy. Which theorist's concepts is the nurse utilizing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The theory of behaviorism that corresponds most closely to this is B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning. The client will receive a reward based on appropriate behavior—in this case, getting to watch television longer based on having appropriate behavior in group therapy. Gestalt therapy relates to expression of unmet needs in order to decrease anxiety levels. With Melanie Klein's theory, play therapy is used with children to help reveal infantile fantasies and anxieties. Erik Erikson's psychosocial development defines stages and developmental conflicts that individuals work through in order to achieve essential strength and virtues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) cognitive therapy. Aaron T. Beck is a renowned psychologist who is widely known for developing cognitive therapy, also referred to as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This therapeutic approach focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs to improve emotional well-being and behavior. In the context of health behavior, cognitive therapy is often utilized to address issues such as anxiety, depression, and stress, which can impact an individual's health choices and outcomes. Option B) social learning theory is associated with Albert Bandura, not Aaron T. Beck. Social learning theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, modeling, and reinforcement in shaping behaviors. Option C) developmental stages is a concept commonly attributed to developmental psychologists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson. It pertains to the sequential stages of psychological growth and maturation individuals go through over the lifespan, rather than health behavior specifically. Option D) family development theory is typically linked to family therapists and researchers like Murray Bowen and Salvador Minuchin. This theory focuses on understanding the dynamics within families and how they influence individual and family functioning, rather than health behavior theories associated with Aaron T. Beck. In an educational context, understanding the key figures and theories in the field of psychology, particularly as they relate to health behavior, is crucial for students and practitioners in healthcare and related fields. Recognizing Aaron T. Beck's contributions to cognitive therapy can provide insights into effective interventions for promoting positive health behaviors and addressing mental health issues that impact overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Leininger. Madeleine Leininger is known for her theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality, which emphasizes the importance of considering cultural beliefs, values, and practices in nursing care. Leininger highlights the significance of providing culturally congruent care to promote health and well-being. Option A) Roy's Adaptation Model focuses on the individual's adaptation to internal and external stimuli, without a specific emphasis on culture. Option B) Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory focuses on individuals' ability to perform self-care activities and does not directly address cultural considerations in care. Option D) Parse's Human Becoming Theory centers around individuals' choices and meanings in their lives but does not explicitly address the role of culture in assessment and care. Understanding Leininger's theory is crucial for nurses to deliver culturally competent care, especially when caring for clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. By recognizing and respecting cultural differences, nurses can provide more effective and holistic care that aligns with the beliefs and values of the individual and their family.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the correct answer to the question is B) Preoperational stage. During the preoperational stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 2 to 7 years old, children develop the ability to use symbols such as language to represent objects and ideas. This marks a significant milestone in their cognitive development as they can now express themselves verbally and begin to engage in more complex forms of communication. Option A) Sensorimotor stage is incorrect because this stage, which occurs from birth to around 2 years old, is characterized by the child's exploration of the world through their senses and actions. Language development has not yet fully emerged during this stage. Option C) Concrete operations and Option D) Formal operations are also incorrect as these stages, which occur around 7-11 years old and 12 years old onwards respectively, focus more on logical reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking rather than specifically on language development. Understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is crucial for educators as it helps them tailor their teaching strategies to match the cognitive abilities and developmental needs of their students. By recognizing the stage at which children are in, educators can provide appropriate support and activities to facilitate their learning and growth effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Sublimation. Sublimation is a defense mechanism where individuals unconsciously redirect unwanted impulses or emotions into a more socially acceptable form of behavior. In this scenario, the angry man is channeling his aggression into competitive sports, which provides a socially acceptable outlet for his hostilities. Option B) Rationalization involves creating logical explanations to justify behavior that is actually based on unacceptable motives. This does not apply to the situation described. Option C) Repression involves pushing unwanted emotions or desires into the unconscious mind. This does not align with the conscious redirection of emotions seen in the scenario. Option D) Reaction formation is when an individual expresses the opposite of what they truly feel. In this case, the man is not displaying the opposite of anger but rather redirecting his anger through sports. Understanding defense mechanisms like sublimation is crucial in psychology and health behavior theories. By recognizing how individuals cope with negative emotions, healthcare professionals can better support patients in managing their mental and emotional well-being. This knowledge can also inform interventions aimed at promoting healthier coping mechanisms.