The nurse evaluates the patency of an AV graft by

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A bruit (whooshing sound) indicates AV graft patency pulses (distal flow), color/temp (circulation), or numbness (nerve) are secondary. This distinguishes vascular access assessment, critical for dialysis, contrasting with indirect signs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydronephrosis results from obstruction (BPH, pregnancy, valve stricture) not acute cystitis (inflammation without blockage). This distinguishes obstructive uropathy, key for renal dilation causes, contrasting with infectious etiologies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glucose is reabsorbed in proximal tubules via sodium-glucose cotransport (SGLT) at the luminal (not basal) border, with a tubular maximum not passive, distal, or unlimited. 'C' is closest, assuming typo. This distinguishes glucose handling, key for glycosuria, contrasting with passive mechanisms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urolithiasis is predisposed by hypercalcemia (calcium stones), hydronephrosis (stasis), pyelonephritis (infection stones), and BPH (obstruction) not spermatocele (scrotal cyst). This distinguishes stone risk factors, key for prevention, contrasting with unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Uric acid stones form due to low urinary volume (concentrates urate), low pH (undissociated uric acid), and hyperuricosuria (excess urate excretion) direct urinary factors. Hyperuricemia (high blood urate) contributes indirectly via excretion but isn't a primary urinary mechanism stones need urinary conditions, not just serum levels. Low volume reduces dilution, low pH shifts solubility, and hyperuricosuria overloads urine. Exclusion of hyperuricemia distinguishes it, critical for focusing on urine-based stone formation, unlike blood-centric error.