The nurse determines that a patient with acute renal failure has prerenal oliguria when

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prerenal oliguria stems from decreased renal perfusion (e.g., hypovolemia), not intrinsic kidney damage. Fluid replacement restores perfusion, increasing urine output, unlike low specific gravity (dilute urine, tubular issue), malignant hypertension (intrarenal), or high sodium (postrenal). This distinguishes prerenal failure's reversible nature, critical for early intervention, contrasting with structural damage where fluids alone won't suffice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fluid regulation matching urine output ensures graft function not bloody drainage (complication), frequent pain meds (variable), or early catheter removal (risky). This distinguishes postoperative fluid balance, vital for graft survival, contrasting with surgical concerns.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Kidney cortex has glomeruli, medulla has pyramids; columns of Bertini (cortical extensions) lie between medullary pyramids not pyramids in cortex or glomeruli in medulla. This distinguishes renal architecture, vital for sectional anatomy, contrasting with misplacements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is familial, bilateral, asymptomatic until adulthood, and presents with hematuria/hypertension unilateral involvement is rare. This distinguishes ADPKD's bilateral nature, critical for genetics, contrasting with unilateral misconceptions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proximal tubules reabsorb nearly all filtered glucose (100% normally), not secreted, partial (60-70%), or passively for amino acids (active). This distinguishes PCT's reabsorptive capacity, vital for nutrient retention, contrasting with secretion or partial views.