The nurse assessing the CBC of a patient with chronic bronchitis identifies a typical feature of this disease, which is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased red blood cells. In chronic bronchitis, the body compensates for chronic hypoxia by increasing red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) to improve oxygen delivery. This is known as polycythemia. Decreased platelets (A) and white blood cells (B) are not typical features of chronic bronchitis. Increased eosinophils (C) are more commonly associated with allergic conditions or parasitic infections, not chronic bronchitis. In summary, the increased red blood cells in chronic bronchitis help enhance oxygen-carrying capacity, distinguishing it from the other options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily in highly active tissues due to increased metabolic demand for oxygen. This is known as the Bohr effect. Choice A is incorrect as hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs where oxygen partial pressure is high. Choice B is incorrect as hemoglobin actually releases oxygen in acidic conditions to increase oxygen delivery to tissues. Choice C is incorrect as hemoglobin releases oxygen in warmer areas to facilitate oxygen delivery to metabolically active tissues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately describes the processes involved in respiration. Inspiration is the intake of oxygen, exchange of gases occurs in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, and expiration is the process of exhaling carbon dioxide. Option B is incorrect because aspiration refers to the act of inhaling foreign objects or substances, not a part of normal respiration. Option C is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the sequence of processes in respiration. Option D is incorrect as the processes listed in option A are indeed involved in respiration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (158 and 116 mm Hg) because in inspired air, the partial pressure of oxygen is around 158 mm Hg, which corresponds to the atmospheric oxygen level. During expiration, some oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in oxygen partial pressure to around 116 mm Hg. Choice B is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in expired air is not as high as 40 mm Hg, which is too low for the oxygen content in the air we breathe. Choice C is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not exactly 100 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as close to 95 mm Hg. Choice D is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is not as low as 40 mm Hg, and the partial pressure in expired air is not as high as 95 mm Hg.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bronchioles. Bronchioles are small, narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. They play a crucial role in conducting air to the alveoli for gas exchange. Alveoli (choice A) are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, not narrow tubes. Bronchi (choice C) are larger air passages that branch off from the trachea, leading to the bronchioles. Alveolar ducts (choice D) are tiny ducts that connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs, but they are not the large number of narrow tubes found in the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is bronchioles as they specifically fit the description of narrow tubes in the lungs.