The nurse assesses the patient's IV insertion site and observes that the vein is hard, the skin is red and tender, and a blood return in the IV line. After removing the IV catheter, which action should the nurse take next?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Apply a warm moist pack. Rationale: 1. The symptoms described suggest phlebitis, which is inflammation of the vein. 2. Applying a warm moist pack helps to promote vasodilation and increase blood flow, aiding in the resolution of inflammation. 3. Warmth can also help to alleviate pain and discomfort associated with phlebitis. Summary: A: Obtaining an arm board is unnecessary for phlebitis and does not address the inflammation. B: Elevating the arm above the heart may help reduce swelling but does not directly address the inflammation. C: Cleaning the site and applying cool compresses are not recommended for phlebitis as cold may exacerbate the condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (80 to 125 mL/min) because it falls within the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults, which is typically around 90-120 mL/min. GFR represents the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute and serves as an essential indicator of kidney function. Option A is incorrect as a GFR below 60 mL/min is indicative of kidney dysfunction. Option C is incorrect as a GFR of 125-180 mL/min is considered above the normal range. Option D is incorrect as a GFR exceeding 189 mL/min could indicate hyperfiltration, often seen in conditions like diabetes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: sepsis. Sepsis is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients due to systemic inflammation and decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Sepsis can lead to septic shock, causing renal hypoperfusion. Fluid overload (B) can contribute to kidney injury but is not the most common cause. Medications (C) can cause kidney injury, but sepsis is more prevalent in critically ill patients. Hemodynamic instability (D) can lead to kidney injury, but sepsis is a more frequent cause in this population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Recovery is possible, but it may take several months." This response provides a balanced and realistic outlook for the patient. Acute kidney injury can be reversible with appropriate treatment and management. Recovery time varies, and it may take several months for the kidneys to regain function. Option A is incorrect as it inaccurately states kidney injury is always permanent. Option B is incorrect as kidney function returning within 2 weeks is not typical in cases of acute kidney injury. Option C is incorrect as increased urination is not a definitive indicator of kidney recovery. Thus, option D is the best response as it offers hope for recovery while acknowledging the potential time it may take.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: multiplied by 0.85. This adjustment accounts for the smaller muscle mass in women compared to men, leading to lower creatinine production. To calculate GFR, creatinine clearance is multiplied by 0.85 in women to adjust for this difference. This adjustment ensures a more accurate estimation of GFR in women. Choices A and B are incorrect because creatinine clearance is not the same or greater in women compared to men due to the physiological differences in muscle mass. Choice D is incorrect because multiplying by 1.15 would overestimate GFR in women.