The Norwood procedure is used to correct:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Norwood procedure is a surgical intervention used to correct hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), making option B the correct answer. HLHS is a congenital heart defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in inadequate circulation. The Norwood procedure involves restructuring the heart to improve blood flow and function. Option A, transposition of the great vessels, is corrected through procedures like the arterial switch operation, not the Norwood procedure. Option C, Tetralogy of Fallot, is typically managed with surgical repair of the heart defects involved, not the Norwood procedure. Option D, patent ductus arteriosus, is often treated with medications or minimally invasive procedures, not the Norwood procedure. Understanding which cardiac conditions require specific interventions is crucial in pediatric cardiovascular nursing. This knowledge ensures appropriate care is provided to children with complex congenital heart defects. Educators should emphasize the importance of precise diagnosis and treatment planning to optimize outcomes in pediatric cardiology practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy due to their potential to cause fetal harm, especially in the second and third trimesters. Since the sexually active adolescent female is using intermittent birth control, there is a risk of pregnancy if she were to become pregnant while on ACE inhibitors, it could harm the fetus. Beta blockers (option A) are generally considered safe for use in hypertension, but they may not be the best choice in this case due to their potential to mask certain symptoms of hypoglycemia, which could affect the efficacy of birth control. Calcium channel blockers (option B) are also commonly used in treating hypertension, but they do not carry the same risks as ACE inhibitors in pregnancy. Diuretics (option D) are another class of medications used in hypertension, but they do not pose the same risks in pregnancy as ACE inhibitors. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of considering the individual patient's circumstances when selecting medications, especially in vulnerable populations like adolescents. It underscores the need for healthcare providers to be aware of potential drug interactions and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In managing congestive heart failure (CHF) in an infant, feeding in a semi-Fowler position (Option C) is the most appropriate plan. This position helps reduce the workload on the heart by decreasing venous return and preventing excessive fluid accumulation in the lungs. By positioning the infant upright, gravity assists in reducing the pooling of blood in the lungs and aids in easier breathing. Option A, promoting fluid restriction, may be necessary in some cases of CHF, but it is not the primary intervention for controlling CHF in infants. Option B, feeding a low-salt formula, may be beneficial in adult patients with heart failure, but infants require adequate salt for normal growth and development. Option D, encouraging breast milk, is generally beneficial for infants but does not directly address the management of CHF. In an educational context, understanding the physiology of CHF in infants is crucial for pediatric nurses. Teaching about proper positioning during feeding can significantly impact the management of CHF and improve outcomes for infants with this condition. Nurses need to be aware of the rationale behind each intervention to provide safe and effective care for pediatric patients with cardiovascular conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A PDA is a congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, fails to close after birth. This results in a continuous flow of blood between the aorta and pulmonary artery, leading to the characteristic machine-like heart murmur, wide pulse pressure, and respiratory symptoms seen in this newborn. Option A) Pulmonary hypertension typically presents with different clinical manifestations such as cyanosis, right heart failure, and a loud P2 sound on auscultation. Option C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) would present with a different murmur quality, usually a harsh holosystolic murmur, and may not be associated with the specific respiratory symptoms described. Option D) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a lung condition seen in premature infants due to prolonged mechanical ventilation or oxygen exposure, and it would not explain the cardiovascular findings in this case. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for nurses working in pediatric cardiovascular care to accurately assess and provide appropriate interventions for newborns with respiratory distress. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of various cardiac defects can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding congenital cardiac lesions is crucial. The correct answer to the question is B) transposition of great arteries. This is the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac lesion to present in the newborn period. In transposition of the great arteries, the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, leading to a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood without a communication between the two circulations. Option A) dextroposed heart refers to the heart being positioned more to the right within the chest, which is a structural variation and not a specific congenital cardiac lesion. Option C) tetralogy of Fallot consists of four classic components (ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy). While common, it is not the most common to present in the newborn period. Option D) truncus arteriosus is a rare congenital heart defect where a single blood vessel comes out of the heart, instead of the usual two vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery). It is less common than transposition of great arteries in newborns. Educationally, it is important to understand the prevalence and presentation of different congenital cardiac lesions in pediatric patients to provide appropriate care and interventions. By knowing the most common conditions, nurses can be better prepared to recognize and manage these critical situations effectively.