The neonatal birth injury that results due to bleeding between the epicranial aponeurosis and the periosteum is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Caput succedaneum is caused by bleeding between the epicranial aponeurosis and the periosteum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: While pyuria, fever, and CVA tenderness are common features of acute pyelonephritis, gross hematuria is less commonly associated with this condition. In acute pyelonephritis, the inflammatory process primarily affects the renal parenchyma and pelvis, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, flank pain, pyuria (presence of pus in the urine), and CVA tenderness (tenderness over the costovertebral angle). Hematuria in acute pyelonephritis is more likely to be microscopic rather than gross.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Type A aortic aneurysms require immediate surgical intervention. Type A aortic dissections involve the ascending aorta and are at high risk for complications such as aortic rupture or compromise of coronary artery blood flow. Prompt surgical repair is necessary to prevent potentially fatal outcomes. Types B, C, and symptomatic aneurysms may not require immediate surgical intervention depending on the specific patient presentation and associated risks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The mechanism includes flexion, internal rotation, and extension of the breech baby.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The best approach to managing the patient with ascites who has responded to spironolactone with weight loss is to add a loop diuretic to the current regimen. Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist that primarily works on the distal convoluted tubule, while loop diuretics, such as furosemide, act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Combining these two diuretics can result in a synergistic effect, increasing diuresis and reducing fluid retention in patients with ascites. This combination therapy is often used in patients who do not respond adequately to spironolactone alone, and it is considered a common strategy in the management of ascites due to cirrhosis. Therefore, adding a loop diuretic to the spironolactone regimen is the most appropriate next step to optimize diuresis and fluid management in this patient.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Progesterone therapy is evidence-based and effective in reducing preterm labor in high-risk pregnancies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Obstructed labour is failure of the fetus to descend through the birth canal despite adequate uterine contractions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Fluid thrill is a key diagnostic sign of polyhydramnious.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Water birth can reduce pain, lower tearing risks, and improve relaxation during labor.