The Na+Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney is blocked * by;

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thiazides. Thiazides inhibit the Na+Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, leading to increased excretion of sodium and water. This results in diuresis and decreased blood pressure. A: Spironolactone acts on the aldosterone receptor in the collecting duct, not on the Na+Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule. C: Furosemide and D: Ethacrynic acid act on the Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, not on the Na+Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Without ADH, the proximal parts of the nephron are permeable to water, not impermeable. ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption. This allows the body to retain water and concentrate urine. Choice A (ureter) is not related to ADH and Choice C and D are incomplete options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because vancomycin as a one-off 2 grams to CAPD bags is not sufficient for proven gram-positive infection. For CAPD peritonitis, continuous intraperitoneal antibiotics are required, not just a single dose. This is because peritoneal dialysis fluid is continuously present in the peritoneal cavity, necessitating ongoing antibiotic therapy. Choice A is incorrect because a positive Gram stain in only 10-40% of culture-positive bags does not rule out peritonitis. Choice B is incorrect as coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common organisms isolated in CAPD peritonitis, not Staph aureus. Choice D is incorrect as antibiotics are usually needed parenterally in addition to intraperitoneal administration for severe cases or systemic infections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the corpus spongiosum is a column of erectile tissue in the penis that surrounds the urethra and expands into the glans. This expansion forms the glans, which is the rounded tip of the penis. This is anatomically accurate as the glans is indeed an expanded cone-shaped structure at the distal end of the penis. A: The urethral meatus is actually located at the tip of the glans, which is at the distal end of the penis, not the ventral side. B: The prepuce is the foreskin that covers the glans, not the shaft of the penis. C: The penis is actually made up of three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue - two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the glans normally has wrinkled skin without lesions. This is due to the presence of sebaceous glands on the glans, which can create a wrinkled appearance. Choice A is incorrect as discharge from the meatus is not a normal finding. Choice B is incomplete. Choice C is irrelevant as the presence of pests is not related to the appearance of the glans. Thus, the wrinkled skin without lesions is the correct and normal finding for the glans during examination.