The muscular wasting (hypotrophy) usually develops with disease in:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lower motor neuron is the correct answer because damage to these neurons directly affects the muscles they innervate, leading to atrophy, weakness, and loss of reflexes. This occurs due to the disruption of the neural connection between the spinal cord and the muscle, resulting in denervation and subsequent muscle wasting.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Black substance (substantia nigra) is the correct answer because Parkinsonism is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to the classic symptoms of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity due to the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which regulates movement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The mineralocorticoid receptor is an intracellular receptor that does not span the cell membrane. It belongs to the steroid hormone receptor family and acts as a transcription factor after binding to its ligand. In contrast, beta-adrenergic receptors, rhodopsin, 5-HTic receptors, and LH receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that span the membrane seven times.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.