The mother of the 9-month-old says, 'It is difficult to add new foods to his diet; he spits everything out.' The nurse should teach the mother to...

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Offer new foods one at a time. This approach is recommended to help identify any potential food allergies or intolerances in the infant. By introducing one new food at a time, the mother can observe the baby's reaction and monitor for any signs of allergic reactions or digestive issues. This method also helps in determining if a specific food is causing the baby to spit out the food, allowing for easier identification and elimination of offending foods. Option A) Mix new foods with formula may not be ideal as it can mask the taste of the new food, making it difficult to identify if the baby is rejecting a particular food. Option B) Mix new foods with more familiar foods may not allow for the baby to develop a taste for different flavors and textures, potentially limiting their palate and food preferences in the future. Option D) Offer new foods after formula has been offered does not address the need for introducing one food at a time to monitor for adverse reactions or identify specific food preferences of the baby. In an educational context, teaching parents the importance of introducing new foods one at a time can help promote healthy eating habits, identify food allergies early, and encourage the development of a diverse palate in infants. It is crucial for nurses to educate parents on proper feeding practices to support optimal growth and development in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the child identifying behaviors that please others as 'good behavior' aligns with Kohlberg's level of Conventional morality. In this stage, individuals base their moral decisions on societal norms, seeking approval and avoiding disapproval. The child's understanding of good behavior being defined by external expectations reflects this stage where they are motivated by conformity and maintaining social order. Option A, Pre-conventional morality, is focused on self-interest and obedience to avoid punishment or gain rewards. This stage is more egocentric and lacks consideration for societal norms or the perspectives of others, which does not align with the child's behavior in the scenario. Option C, Post-conventional morality, involves internalized moral principles and a focus on individual rights and justice. This stage typically develops in adolescence and adulthood, where individuals question and transcend societal norms, which is beyond the child's current behavior. Option D, Autonomous morality, is associated with Kohlberg's later stages where individuals develop a respect for universal ethical principles and understand that rules can be changed through rational discussion. This level is more advanced than what is being displayed by the child in the scenario. Educationally, understanding Kohlberg's stages of moral development is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. By recognizing and interpreting children's moral development, nurses can provide age-appropriate care, support moral growth, and tailor interventions based on the child's understanding of right and wrong. This knowledge enhances communication, builds trust, and fosters a therapeutic relationship with pediatric patients and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The discomfort of afterpains is more acute for multiparas because repeated stretching of muscle fibers leads to loss of uterine muscle tone. The uterus of a primipara tends to remain contracted. Afterpains are particularly severe during breastfeeding, not bottle feeding. The non-nursing mother may have engorgement problems that will cause her discomfort. The patient who is nursing her second child will have more afterpains than her first pregnancy; however, they will not be as severe as the grand multiparous patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An Rh-negative mother delivering an Rh-positive baby may develop antibodies to fetal cells that entered her bloodstream when the placenta separated. The Rho(D) immune globulin works to destroy the fetal cells in the maternal circulation before sensitization occurs. When the blood types are alike as with mother Rh-negative, baby Rh-negative, no antibody formation would be anticipated. If the Rh-positive blood of the mother comes in contact with the Rh-negative blood of the infant, no antibodies would develop because the antigens are in the mother's blood, not the infant's.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory assessment, the acronym REEDA stands for Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation. When assessing the "A" in REEDA, which stands for Approximation, the nurse should evaluate the edges of the episiotomy. This is the correct answer because in the context of pediatric respiratory assessment, the focus is on wound healing and evaluating the integrity of the surgical incision site. Option A, skin color, is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the assessment of an episiotomy in pediatric respiratory care. Option B, degree of edema, is also incorrect as it focuses on swelling, which is not specifically related to the evaluation of an episiotomy site. Option D, assessing the episiotomy for discharge, is incorrect as it pertains to wound drainage rather than the specific evaluation of the incision edges. Educationally, understanding the components of REEDA is crucial for pediatric nurses to accurately assess wound healing and identify any signs of complications following procedures like episiotomies. By evaluating the edges of the episiotomy, nurses can ensure proper healing and early detection of any issues, promoting optimal patient outcomes.