The MOST significant contributory factor to the development of lung cancer is ________.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most significant contributory factor to the development of lung cancer is being a cigarette smoker. Cigarette smoking is directly linked to approximately 85% of lung cancer cases. The harmful substances in tobacco smoke, such as carcinogens, damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancer over time. Smokers are at a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers. Therefore, being a cigarette smoker is the primary and most influential risk factor for developing lung cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious and life-threatening condition characterized by rapid onset of respiratory failure, severe hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood), and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The hallmark of ARDS is severe hypoxemia that is difficult to correct even with high levels of supplemental oxygen. Patients with ARDS often require mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate oxygen levels. Severe cough with purulent sputum production, chest pain exacerbated by deep breathing, and productive cough with hemoptysis are not typical features of ARDS.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The initial treatment goal for a patient like Mila is often focused on preventing infection. Infection prevention is a basic and essential step in patient care, especially for someone who may be at risk due to their medical condition or treatment plan. By preventing infection, healthcare providers can help ensure the patient's safety and promote successful outcomes for the overall treatment plan. Correcting hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, and increasing myocardial oxygen supply may be important goals as well, but preventing infection is usually prioritized as it can have serious consequences if not addressed promptly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse can assure Sandy that her new joint will function almost as well as a normal joint if she performs her exercises faithfully because post-joint replacement surgery recovery often involves physical therapy and exercises aimed at restoring strength and mobility to the affected joint. By following the recommended exercise regimen and post-operative care instructions, Sandy can improve the function of her new joint and achieve a good level of mobility and functionality, similar to that of a normal joint. It is important for Sandy to be diligent and committed to her rehabilitation process to maximize the benefits of the joint replacement surgery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: It is crucial for patients with COPD who are prescribed prednisone to be educated about the importance of not abruptly stopping the medication. Prednisone is a type of corticosteroid that should be tapered off gradually under the guidance of a healthcare provider to prevent potential withdrawal symptoms and adrenal insufficiency. Suddenly stopping prednisone can lead to serious adverse effects, including fatigue, weakness, joint pain, fever, dizziness, and potentially life-threatening complications. Therefore, adherence to the prescribed tapering schedule is essential to ensure the safe and effective management of COPD exacerbations with prednisone therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The professional conduct of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers in health facilities primarily aligns with patient care standards. This quality standard ensures that healthcare professionals prioritize the well-being, safety, and comfort of the patients they serve. Patient care standards encompass various aspects of healthcare delivery, including effective communication, compassionate treatment, adherence to medical protocols, and respect for patient rights and confidentiality. By upholding patient care standards, healthcare providers demonstrate their commitment to delivering quality care and maintaining the trust and confidence of their patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The central theme of Sr. Callista Roy's theory is adaptation. Roy's Adaptation Model focuses on the individual's ability to adapt to internal and external stimuli in order to maintain health and well-being. The theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of the individual and their environment, highlighting the dynamic process of adaptation in response to stimuli. By focusing on adaptation, Roy's theory guides nursing practice in promoting holistic care that supports individuals in adapting to changes and achieving optimal health outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation of sudden-onset unilateral facial droop, arm weakness, and slurred speech that partially resolved within 30 minutes is more consistent with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) rather than an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. TIAs are caused by temporary decreases in blood flow to a specific area of the brain, leading to transient neurological deficits that typically last for less than 24 hours. In this case, the symptoms partially resolving suggest a temporary and reversible ischemic event, characteristic of a TIA. Ischemic strokes involve more prolonged or permanent impairment due to blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding within the brain tissue or the surrounding membranes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Normal saline is the preferred solution for wound irrigation because it is isotonic and will not damage healthy tissue or delay wound healing. It helps to remove debris and pathogens from the wound, promoting a clean environment for healing. Sterile water can be used if normal saline is not available, but it may cause cellular damage if used in large volumes. Hydrogen peroxide and Betadine solution are not recommended for wound irrigation as they can be cytotoxic to the tissues and interfere with the wound healing process. It's important for the nurse to use evidence-based practice and follow recommended guidelines to promote optimal wound healing outcomes.