The MOST common foreign bodies aspirated by young children are

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Nuts. Young children are at high risk for aspirating small objects due to their tendency to explore the world through their mouths. Nuts are a common culprit as their shape and size can easily obstruct the airway. Option B) Small toys may also pose a risk, but nuts are more commonly aspirated due to their size and shape, making them a higher risk factor. Option C) Coins are less likely to be aspirated compared to nuts as they are typically larger and less likely to fit into the airway. Option D) Rubber balloons are not commonly aspirated as they are larger and less likely to be inhaled compared to smaller objects like nuts. In an educational context, understanding the common foreign bodies aspirated by young children is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric care. This knowledge helps in prevention, early recognition, and appropriate intervention in cases of foreign body aspiration, which can be life-threatening. Nurses need to educate caregivers on keeping small objects out of reach of children to prevent such incidents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Wheezing. In general, viral pneumonias are more commonly associated with wheezing due to the inflammation and narrowing of the airways caused by the viral infection. Wheezing is a common symptom seen in conditions such as bronchiolitis, which is often caused by respiratory viruses in pediatric patients. Option A) Chills are not typically a prominent symptom of viral pneumonias in pediatric patients. Chills are more commonly associated with bacterial infections or systemic illnesses. Option B) Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) can occur in viral pneumonias, but wheezing is a more specific and common finding due to the airway inflammation associated with viral respiratory infections. Option D) Higher fever is a nonspecific symptom that can be seen in both viral and bacterial pneumonias. It is not a distinguishing feature that differentiates viral pneumonias from other types of respiratory infections. Educational Context: Understanding the specific clinical manifestations associated with different types of respiratory infections is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing that wheezing is more commonly associated with viral pneumonias can help nurses provide appropriate care, such as monitoring respiratory status closely and administering bronchodilators as needed. This knowledge can also guide appropriate diagnostic testing and treatment interventions for pediatric patients presenting with respiratory symptoms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae. When cold agglutinins are present in peripheral blood samples, it suggests atypical pneumonia, which is commonly caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known to cause primary atypical pneumonia, especially in school-aged children and young adults. Option A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is less likely because it is more commonly associated with nosocomial infections or infections in immunocompromised individuals. Option B) Staphylococcus aureus typically causes bacterial pneumonia in infants and young children, often associated with a more rapid onset and more severe symptoms. Option C) Chlamydia trachomatis is more commonly associated with neonatal conjunctivitis or genitourinary infections rather than pneumonia in pediatric patients. Understanding the specific pathogens associated with different types of pneumonia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with respiratory disorders. Recognizing the clinical presentations and common etiologies of pneumonia helps in providing timely and appropriate interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of nursing care for pediatric respiratory disorders, understanding the diagnostic tests used is crucial for providing effective care. In the case of pulmonary embolism, the diagnostic test of choice is a CT angiogram of the chest (Option A). A CT angiogram is preferred for diagnosing pulmonary embolism because it is non-invasive, readily available, and provides detailed images of the pulmonary vasculature, allowing for accurate detection of blood clots in the lungs. Ventilation-perfusion scans (Option B) are commonly used in adults but are less reliable in pediatric patients due to their developing lung physiology. Doppler or compression ultrasonography (Option C) is not the first-line diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism as it is more commonly used to detect deep vein thrombosis. Pulmonary angiography (Option D) is an invasive procedure and is typically reserved for cases where CT angiogram results are inconclusive or when immediate treatment is needed. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind choosing the appropriate diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism in pediatric patients ensures that nursing professionals can advocate for the most effective and least invasive diagnostic approach, leading to timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems. In infants with CF, the pancreas does not secrete enough enzymes for proper digestion, leading to failure to thrive. Respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough and wheezing are also common due to thick mucus buildup in the airways. Electrolyte abnormalities in CF result from excessive salt loss in sweat, leading to hyponatremia (low sodium) and hypochloremia (low chloride). Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to loss of chloride and dehydration. Option A) Hypernatremia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis is incorrect because CF typically presents with hyponatremia, not hypernatremia. Option C) Hyponatremia, hyperchloremia, metabolic alkalosis is incorrect because CF leads to hypochloremia, not hyperchloremia. Option D) Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, metabolic acidosis is incorrect as CF typically results in metabolic alkalosis, not acidosis. Understanding these electrolyte imbalances in CF is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing these key manifestations can lead to early diagnosis and appropriate management, ultimately improving patient outcomes.