The MOST common cause of sleeping difficulty in the first 2 months of life is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) colic. Colic is a common condition in infants under 3 months old, characterized by excessive crying and fussiness, often worse in the evening. This can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to sleeping difficulties in the first 2 months of life. Colic is not a serious medical condition but can be distressing for both the baby and the parents. Option A) gastro-esophageal reflux can also cause sleeping difficulties in infants, but it is less common in the first 2 months of life compared to colic. Reflux is more commonly seen around 4-6 months of age. Option C) formula intolerance can lead to digestive issues such as gas, bloating, and discomfort, but it is less likely to be the most common cause of sleeping difficulty in the first 2 months of life compared to colic. Option D) developmentally self-resolving sleeping behavior refers to normal changes in infants' sleep patterns as they grow and develop. While this can cause some variations in sleep, it is not the most common cause of sleeping difficulty in the first 2 months of life. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to understand the common causes of sleeping difficulties in infants to provide appropriate care and support to both the baby and the parents. Recognizing and addressing issues like colic can help improve the overall well-being of the infant and promote better sleep patterns for the whole family.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) molar at 6 years. The first permanent tooth to erupt in a child is typically the first molar, which usually appears around the age of 6. This is considered a landmark event in a child's dental development. Central incisors typically erupt around 6-7 years of age, not as the first permanent tooth. Premolars and canines generally erupt later in the mixed dentition stage, not as the first permanent tooth. Upper canines typically erupt around 9-10 years of age, again not as the first permanent tooth. Understanding the sequence of tooth eruption is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a vital role in educating children and parents about dental health. Knowing the typical age range for the eruption of different teeth helps in monitoring children's dental growth and identifying any potential issues early on. This knowledge allows for early intervention and preventive care to promote optimal oral health in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This progressive genetic disorder primarily affects boys and is characterized by muscle weakness that typically begins in early childhood. The presentation of difficulty in rising from a sitting position, calf muscle hypertrophy, and a trendelenburg gait are classic signs of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Option A) Becker's muscular dystrophy is a milder form of muscular dystrophy compared to Duchenne and typically presents later in childhood or adolescence, with a slower progression of symptoms. The absence of severe muscle weakness and early onset in this case make Becker's less likely. Option C) Myotonic muscular dystrophy is a separate genetic disorder characterized by muscle stiffness and myotonia, which is a delayed relaxation of muscles after contraction. The symptoms described in the question do not align with the typical presentation of myotonic muscular dystrophy. Option D) Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and posture. While it can also present with difficulty in walking and abnormal gait patterns, the hypertrophy of calf muscles seen in the question is not a typical feature of cerebral palsy. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations and key features of various neuromuscular disorders is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide timely and appropriate care. Recognizing the specific signs and symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy can lead to early intervention and management to improve the quality of life for affected children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Encourage his friends to visit him in the hospital. This option will most enhance the 16-year-old male's psychosocial development because it addresses his need for social interaction and support during his hospitalization. Adolescents place a high value on peer relationships, and having his friends visit will provide emotional comfort, alleviate feelings of isolation, and maintain a sense of normalcy during a challenging time. Option A) Fax his teacher and have homework sent in, while important for academic continuity, does not directly address his immediate psychosocial needs for social connection and support. Option C) Encourage frequent visits from his grandparents, although supportive, may not fully meet his need for peer interaction which is crucial for adolescents' psychosocial development. Option D) Allow him unlimited phone use to contact friends, while beneficial, lacks the personal touch and physical presence that in-person visits from friends can provide, which is essential for enhancing psychosocial development. In an educational context, understanding the psychosocial needs of pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those specializing in pediatric nursing. By recognizing the importance of social support and interaction in adolescents' development, healthcare professionals can implement holistic care strategies that promote not only physical but also emotional well-being. Additionally, incorporating psychosocial support interventions can contribute to positive health outcomes and overall patient satisfaction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Limit fluids in the evening and consider a reward system for dry nights. Explanation: Limiting fluids in the evening is a practical step to reduce the likelihood of bed-wetting by decreasing the amount of urine produced during the night. Additionally, implementing a reward system for dry nights positively reinforces the desired behavior and motivates the child to stay dry. Why the other options are wrong: A) Medication like DDAVP may help decrease urine volume but should be considered after behavioral interventions have been tried. B) Being firm and showing the work involved in changing sheets may create a negative association with bedtime and worsen the situation. D) Bed-wetting alarms can be effective but are typically used when behavioral strategies have not been successful. Educational context: In pediatric nursing, addressing bed-wetting requires a holistic approach involving behavioral modifications, fluid management, and positive reinforcement techniques. It is essential to consider the emotional well-being of the child and involve the family in developing a supportive plan to manage bed-wetting effectively. By understanding the underlying causes and implementing appropriate strategies, healthcare providers can help children and families navigate this common issue with empathy and evidence-based interventions.