The most common cause of perinatal mortality in preterm infants is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) respiratory distress syndrome. In preterm infants, one of the primary causes of perinatal mortality is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease. This condition occurs due to the immature lungs of preterm infants, resulting in difficulty breathing and inadequate oxygen exchange. Without prompt and appropriate intervention, RDS can lead to severe complications and even death. Option B) intraventricular hemorrhage is a common complication in preterm infants, but it is not the most common cause of perinatal mortality. It involves bleeding into the brain's ventricular system and can lead to neurological deficits. Option C) necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious condition that affects the intestines of premature infants but is not the primary cause of perinatal mortality in preterm infants. Option D) sepsis is a severe systemic infection that can affect preterm infants, but it is not the most common cause of perinatal mortality in this population. In an educational context, understanding the primary causes of perinatal mortality in preterm infants is crucial for healthcare providers working in neonatal care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of conditions like respiratory distress syndrome and implementing appropriate interventions can significantly impact outcomes for these vulnerable patients. This knowledge underscores the importance of comprehensive neonatal care and the need for specialized interventions tailored to the unique needs of preterm infants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) full thickness. In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the classification of burn wounds to provide appropriate care. A burn wound that is full thickness involves destruction of the entire dermis and may extend into the subcutaneous tissue. This type of burn is characterized by the absence of painful sensation due to nerve damage, doesn't bleed because blood vessels are destroyed, and lacks capillary refilling due to the destruction of blood vessels. Option A) first degree burns are superficial, involving only the epidermis, and are characterized by redness and pain. Option B) moderate to severe burns may refer to second or third-degree burns, which involve deeper layers of the skin and would exhibit some painful sensation, bleeding, and capillary refilling. Option C) second degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis, causing pain, blisters, and capillary refilling. Understanding burn classifications is crucial for pediatric nurses to assess the severity of the injury, plan appropriate interventions, and prevent complications in pediatric burn patients. Proper assessment and classification of burn wounds help in determining the need for referral to a burn center, fluid resuscitation, wound care, and pain management in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the scenario presented, the correct answer is A) Insertion of an oropharyngeal airway. The rationale behind this is that inserting an oropharyngeal airway in a child with a seizure disorder and gurgling upper airway sounds can be dangerous as it can trigger a gag reflex and potentially cause the child to aspirate or obstruct the airway further. Providing oxygen with a face mask (option B) is important to ensure adequate oxygenation during a seizure. Positioning of the airway with the chin-lift maneuver (option C) is crucial to maintain a patent airway and prevent airway obstruction. Suctioning of the oropharynx (option D) can help clear secretions and maintain airway patency in a controlled manner. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients, to be well-versed in managing airway and breathing emergencies. Understanding the appropriate interventions in scenarios like this can be critical in preventing further complications and ensuring positive patient outcomes. It is essential to prioritize airway management based on the patient's condition and needs to provide safe and effective care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Osteoarthritis. In pediatric patients, osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone changes. It often occurs in weight-bearing joints and is typically associated with aging, previous joint injuries, and mechanical stress. Rheumatoid arthritis (option B) is an autoimmune disorder that can affect individuals of any age, but it is less common in pediatric patients. Gout (option C) is another type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints and is more commonly seen in adults. Psoriatic arthritis (option D) is a type of arthritis that occurs in some individuals with psoriasis, typically developing in adults. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to understand the different types of arthritis to provide appropriate care and support to pediatric patients with arthritis. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of each type of arthritis can help in early detection, management, and referral to specialists for comprehensive treatment. Understanding the prevalence of osteoarthritis in pediatric patients can guide healthcare providers in assessing and managing joint conditions in this population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Ankylosing spondylitis. The presence of the HLA-B27 antigen is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. This antigen plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis by contributing to abnormal immune responses and inflammation in the joints. Option B) Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies that target various tissues in the body. The presence of HLA-B27 is not typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Option C) Rheumatoid arthritis is another autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. However, the presence of HLA-B27 is not a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis. Option D) Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is not autoimmune in nature. HLA-B27 is not linked to osteoarthritis. Understanding the association between specific human leukocyte antigens like HLA-B27 and certain diseases is essential in pediatric nursing as it can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of these conditions. This knowledge helps nurses provide holistic care to pediatric patients with autoimmune or inflammatory disorders.