The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in children is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding the most common causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is A) congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. This is because congenital anomalies, such as obstructive uropathy or vesicoureteral reflux, can lead to chronic kidney damage over time, ultimately resulting in ESRD. Option B) glomerulonephritis is a common cause of acute kidney injury in children, but it typically does not progress to ESRD in the same way as congenital anomalies do. Option C) hereditary nephritis, while a potential cause of chronic kidney disease, is not as common in children as congenital anomalies. Option D) diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of ESRD in adults but is rare in children. Understanding these distinctions is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with genitourinary issues. By recognizing the most common causes of ESRD in children, nurses can implement appropriate interventions, monitor for complications, and educate families on prevention strategies. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to pediatric patients with renal conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The test is done to check if the disease has spread to the lungs. Rationale: An MRI scan of the lungs is necessary for a child diagnosed with Wilms tumor to assess if the cancer has metastasized to the lungs. Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer common in children, and it has the potential to spread to other organs, including the lungs. Detecting any spread of the tumor early is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment plan and improving outcomes. Option A and B are incorrect because they do not provide a clear explanation to the parent's question, and they do not address the importance of evaluating potential metastasis in Wilms tumor cases. Option D is incorrect because while assessing lung health is important before surgery, the primary reason for the MRI in this case is to check for cancer spread rather than solely to determine surgical readiness. It is essential for nurses working in pediatric oncology to be able to communicate effectively with parents, providing clear and accurate information to address their concerns and help them understand the rationale behind diagnostic tests and treatment decisions. This scenario highlights the importance of patient education and family-centered care in pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Initiation of dialysis. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. When a child with HUS presents with severe anemia, low hemoglobin and hematocrit, bloody diarrhea, and decreased urine output, it indicates severe kidney damage requiring urgent intervention like dialysis. Dialysis helps in removing waste products, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately. Option B) Close observation of hemodynamic status is not the priority in this case. While hemodynamic status is important, addressing the acute kidney injury with dialysis takes precedence due to the life-threatening nature of the condition. Option C) Diuretic therapy to force urinary output is contraindicated in HUS as it can worsen the kidney injury and electrolyte imbalances. Option D) Monitoring of urinary output is essential but does not address the underlying cause of the symptoms. Immediate intervention with dialysis is necessary to support kidney function and prevent further complications. In an educational context, understanding the pathophysiology of HUS, recognizing the clinical manifestations, and prioritizing interventions based on the severity of the condition are crucial skills for pediatric genitourinary nursing. This case underscores the importance of timely and appropriate interventions in managing pediatric patients with acute kidney injury.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The best response to the parent's question is option C: "Chordee repair is necessary to optimize sexual function as he gets older." This response is correct because chordee, a condition where the penis curves downward during an erection due to fibrous tissue, can impact sexual function and quality of life as the child grows into adulthood. Surgical correction of chordee is essential not just for cosmetic reasons but also to prevent potential sexual dysfunction and psychological distress in the future. Option A is incorrect as it simply acknowledges the parent's concern without providing accurate information. Option B is also incorrect because chordee repair is not solely for cosmetic purposes but for functional reasons as well. Option D is not the best response as it fails to address the long-term implications of untreated chordee on sexual function and focuses more on convenience rather than the child's well-being. In an educational context, it is crucial for pediatric genitourinary nurses to educate parents about the importance of addressing conditions like chordee early on to prevent future complications. Understanding the rationale behind surgical interventions helps parents make informed decisions for their child's health and well-being. By providing accurate information and explanations, healthcare professionals can build trust with parents and ensure the best possible outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) 5 fl. oz. for the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old. Understanding pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions is crucial when caring for pediatric patients. In this case, the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old is approximately 5 fl. oz. due to the child's age-related growth and development. Option A) 1.5 fl. oz. is incorrect because it is too low for a 3-year-old's bladder capacity. Option B) 3 fl. oz. is also too low for a 3-year-old. Option C) 4 fl. oz. is closer but still underestimates the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old compared to the correct answer. Educationally, knowing the bladder capacity of pediatric patients is essential for nurses to monitor urinary output, assess for urinary retention, and provide appropriate interventions. Understanding age-specific norms helps in delivering safe and effective care to pediatric patients. In this case, recognizing the appropriate bladder capacity for a 3-year-old informs nursing interventions and assessment strategies in pediatric genitourinary care.