The most appropriate special bed appliance for a patient with spinal problems is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bed board. A bed board provides firm support for the mattress, which is crucial for patients with spinal problems to maintain proper alignment and reduce pressure on the spine. It helps distribute weight evenly and prevents sagging. A: Back rest provides support for sitting up but does not offer the same level of firm support for the spine as a bed board. B: Bed table is not directly related to spinal support and does not address the patient's specific needs. C: Bed block is used to raise the height of the bed and is not designed to provide spinal support.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Flat on back. After spinal anesthesia, the nurse should position the client flat on their back to prevent complications such as hypotension and improve blood flow to the brain. This position also helps distribute the anesthetic evenly and reduces the risk of nerve damage. Choice A is incorrect because positioning the client on the side does not necessarily prevent airway obstruction by the tongue, and it can increase the risk of hypotension. Choice C is incorrect as flexing the knees can impede blood flow and does not provide optimal distribution of the anesthetic. Choice D is incorrect as lying flat on the stomach can increase the risk of respiratory issues and hinder monitoring of the client.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increase their activity level. Regular physical activity helps improve cardiovascular health, reduce cholesterol levels, and lower blood pressure, thus decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight and improving overall well-being. Avoiding focusing on weight (choice A) is not advisable as excess weight is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Following a regular diet (choice C) is important but alone may not be sufficient without physical activity. Continuing a high-stress lifestyle (choice D) can worsen atherosclerosis risk due to increased cortisol levels and other negative impacts on cardiovascular health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pneumonia. In a 77-year-old male with fever, cough, and pleuritic chest pain, pneumonia is the most likely diagnosis. Fever, cough, and chest pain are common symptoms of pneumonia, especially when the pain worsens with breathing (pleuritic chest pain). Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs commonly caused by bacteria or viruses, leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the air sacs. ARDS (choice A) typically presents with severe respiratory distress after an acute injury to the lungs. MI (choice B) presents with chest pain, but usually not pleuritic, and other symptoms like sweating, nausea, and arm pain. Tuberculosis (choice D) can present with cough and chest pain, but it is less likely in this scenario without other specific risk factors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Providing rest periods throughout the day. This is the most important nursing intervention for a client with anemia and cerebral tissue hypoxia because rest helps reduce oxygen demand and allows for tissue oxygenation. Rest periods aid in preventing further tissue hypoxia, promoting healing, and improving overall well-being. Summary of other choices: B: Instituting energy conservation techniques - While conserving energy is important, rest is crucial for oxygenation in this scenario. C: Assisting in ambulation to the bathroom - Ambulation may be necessary, but rest takes precedence for oxygenation. D: Checking the temperature of water prior to bathing - Ensuring water temperature safety is important, but rest is essential for addressing cerebral tissue hypoxia.