The mesonephric tubules in female gives:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In females, mesonephric tubules form epoophoron, paroophoron, and their ducts all vestigial remnants. 'All' includes these Gartner's duct precursors, critical for understanding female rudiments, contrasting with partial selections.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excretion removes metabolic waste e.g., urea, COâ‚‚ from cellular processes (kidneys, lungs). Undigested food waste is defecation not excretion in this context. Used hormones are degraded not primarily excreted whole. Pathogens are fought by immunity not routinely excreted. Metabolic waste's removal distinguishes it, critical for homeostasis, unlike fecal, hormonal, or immune processes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Aldosterone stimulates Na and water reabsorption e.g., collecting duct ENaC channels, raising BP. H excretion is intercalated cells not aldosterone's focus. Water excretion opposes diuresis not retention. Na /Ca² misaligns Ca² separate. Na /water retention distinguishes it, critical for volume control, unlike excretion or ion errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lobule isn't a kidney region medulla, cortex, pelvis are (e.g., anatomical divisions). Medulla has pyramids inner. Cortex has nephrons outer. Pelvis collects urine central. Lobule is liver/brain term distinguishing it, critical for renal anatomy, unlike true regions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Water returns from PCT by osmosis follows Na gradient (e.g., isosmotic reabsorption). Active transport moves Na not water directly. Facilitated diffusion is glucose not water. Carrier molecules aid solutes not primary water. Osmosis's passive flow distinguishes it, critical for PCT water recovery, unlike active or facilitated mechanisms.