The maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced inhalation is called?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Total lung capacity. This term refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume. Vital capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs. Tidal volume (B) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, not the maximum volume. Inspiratory capacity (D) is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assess the patient's oxygen saturation first. In a patient with bacterial pneumonia showing signs of restlessness, confusion, and agitation along with elevated vital signs, the priority is to assess oxygen saturation to rule out hypoxemia. Hypoxemia can lead to cognitive changes and increased agitation in older adults. Administering a sedative (choice C) or an analgesic (choice D) without addressing the underlying hypoxemia can worsen the patient's condition. Auscultating the lungs (choice A) is important but should come after assessing oxygen saturation to prioritize immediate interventions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase is crucial for acid-base balance by catalyzing the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in the blood. The kidneys regulate blood pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting hydrogen ions. Therefore, carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance. The liver is not directly involved in this process but helps in detoxification and metabolism. The heart and pancreas do not have a primary role in acid-base balance regulation. Thus, the correct answer is B: Kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: LDL 150 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol is known as "bad" cholesterol, and high levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL can build up in the arteries, leading to plaque formation and narrowing of blood vessels. Elevated LDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Summary: B: Triglycerides 140 mg/dL - Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease, but not as directly linked to atherosclerosis as LDL. C: Cholesterol 190 mg/dL - Total cholesterol includes both HDL and LDL, so this value alone does not specify the risk factor for atherosclerosis. D: HDL 100mg/dL - High levels of HDL are actually considered beneficial as it is known as "good" cholesterol and helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because elastic fibers are more abundant in the bronchi and bronchioles than the upper respiratory tract. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoil to help with airway expansion and contraction during breathing. This is crucial in the bronchi and bronchioles to maintain airflow dynamics. Choice A is incorrect because regular bronchioles do not contain glands; they are found in the respiratory bronchioles. Choice B is incorrect because larynx contains a significant amount of cartilage, not smooth muscle. Choice C is incorrect because goblet cells are abundant in the larger bronchi, trachea, and bronchioles, not in the small bronchi and respiratory bronchioles.