The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: bones and skeletal muscles. Growth hormone primarily targets these tissues to promote growth and development. Growth hormone stimulates bone growth by acting on bone cells and increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, leading to muscle growth. The other choices are incorrect because growth hormone does not directly target blood vessels, adrenal glands, or the liver for growth-promoting effects. Growth hormone primarily affects bone and muscle tissues for growth and repair.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: peptides (proteins) and steroids. Peptides and steroids are the two main categories of hormones based on their chemical makeup. Peptides are made up of amino acids and include proteins, while steroids are derived from cholesterol. This classification is essential because it determines how hormones are synthesized and how they interact with target cells. Glands and cortex (option A) do not represent the chemical makeup of hormones, proteins and carbohydrates (option B) are broad categories that do not specifically address hormone types, and endocrine and ectocrine (option D) refer to different types of glands, not the chemical composition of hormones.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Alcohol suppresses the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which leads to a decrease in the reabsorption of water from the kidneys. ADH is responsible for increasing water reabsorption, so suppressing it results in more water being excreted. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because alcohol does not affect aldosterone secretion, and aldosterone primarily regulates sodium reabsorption rather than water reabsorption. ADH is the hormone directly involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys, making choice A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: adding iodine to the diet. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of simple goiter. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and a lack of it can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. Adding iodine to the diet helps prevent simple goiter by ensuring the thyroid has enough iodine to function properly. Antibiotics (choice A) are not effective for preventing goiter as it is not caused by bacteria. Surgery (choice C) and hormone therapy (choice D) are typically used to treat goiter once it has developed, not prevent it.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because aldosterone actually causes an increase in blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys. This leads to an expansion of blood volume and subsequently an increase in blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because aldosterone does indeed target kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water, it is a mineralocorticoid hormone, and it causes a decrease in urine volume due to its role in water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.