The location of the kidneys in relationship to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is referred to as

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Kidneys are retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum) not retroabdominal, posterior (general), or dorsal. This positions kidneys, key for surgery, contrasting with vague terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Collecting ducts fine-tune water via ADH not PCT (bulk), ascending loop (impermeable), or DCT (less). This locates regulation, critical for urine concentration, contrasting with bulk sites.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: No aquaporins in collecting ducts prevent water reabsorption, causing dehydration not edema, Na+ retention, or vitamin loss. This links ADH to water, critical for balance, contrasting with retention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oliguria is low urine output (<400 mL/day) not pyuria (pus), enuresis (incontinence), or diuresis (excess). This defines reduced flow, critical for renal assessment, contrasting with other terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Kidneys release EPO, renin, and activate vitamin D not vitamin E (dietary). This corrects renal functions, critical for physiology, contrasting with nutritional roles.