The location of the kidneys in relationship to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is referred to as

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Kidneys are retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum), not retroabdominal, posterior (general), or dorsal (back). This positions kidneys, key for surgery, contrasting with vague terms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nitrofurantoin 50 mg QID for 5 days isn't standard dose is low (typically 100 mg), and 3-day courses suffice for uncomplicated UTI, not recommended. Trimethoprim 300 mg daily, Augmentin duo BD, and cephalexin 500 mg BD for 5 days align effective options. Nitrofurantoin's dosing/duration distinguishes it, key to guideline adherence, unlike appropriate regimens.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-pregnant women with normal tracts don't need asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment no progression risk (e.g., unlike pyelonephritis). Pregnant women require it fetal/renal risk. Young children need clearance developmental impact. Men under 60 suggest obstruction treat underlying. Non-pregnant women's low risk distinguishes it, key to avoiding overtreatment, unlike high-risk groups.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Grade 4 renal injury includes deep laceration to the collecting system urine leak (e.g., pelvis breach), per AAST scale. Grade 1 is contusion superficial. Grade 2 is <1 cm laceration no collecting system. Grade 3 is >1 cm parenchyma only. Grade 4's depth distinguishes it, critical for trauma staging, unlike lesser grades.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urine osmolality <500 mOsm/kg isn't pre-renal ARF should be >500, concentrating urine (e.g., hypoperfusion), incorrect. Decreased GFR perfusion drop, true. High specific gravity concentrated, correct. Urinary sodium <10 reabsorption, accurate. High osmolality distinguishes pre-renal, key to hypoperfusion response, unlike dilute error.