The least reference dietary intake (DRI) of folate for a healthy eight-month-old infant is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric healthcare, understanding the correct dietary intake of essential nutrients like folate is crucial for ensuring optimal growth and development in infants. The correct answer to the question is A) 80 microgm/day. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for folate in infants is lower compared to older children and adults due to their smaller size and metabolic needs. At eight months of age, infants typically rely on breast milk or formula as their primary source of nutrition. Both breast milk and infant formula are designed to provide the necessary nutrients for infants, including folate. Option B) 150 microgm/day, C) 200 microgm/day, and D) 300 microgm/day are higher than the recommended least reference dietary intake for an eight-month-old infant. Excessive intake of folate in infants can lead to potential adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare providers and caregivers to follow the recommended guidelines to prevent complications related to nutrient imbalances. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding age-specific nutritional requirements in pediatric patients. Healthcare professionals working with infants must be knowledgeable about appropriate dietary recommendations to promote healthy growth and development. By selecting the correct answer, healthcare providers can ensure they are providing evidence-based care that meets the unique needs of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In understanding the question regarding the recognized causes of craniotabes in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders for the NCLEX exam, it is essential to delve into each option to provide a comprehensive rationale. Option A: Rickets is a recognized cause of craniotabes due to its impact on bone health and development. Rickets can lead to softening of the bones, including those in the skull, which can manifest as craniotabes. Option B: Syphilis can also cause craniotabes as the disease affects multiple organ systems, including bones. In infants born to mothers with untreated syphilis, craniotabes can develop as a result of the infection. Option C: In a normal newborn, craniotabes can be present as a transient condition due to the skull bones being soft and pliable during the early postnatal period. This is considered a normal variant and typically resolves on its own without intervention. Option D: Sotos syndrome is not a recognized cause of craniotabes. Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by overgrowth during childhood, intellectual disability, and distinctive facial features. It does not typically present with craniotabes as a symptom. Educational Context: Understanding the differential causes of craniotabes is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing the various etiologies of craniotabes can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and monitoring of affected children. This knowledge is pertinent for nurses, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric patients, a reduced 25-hydroxy vitamin D level is typically seen in individuals with vitamin D deficiency (Option A). This is because 25-hydroxy vitamin D is the major circulating form of vitamin D and its levels are used to assess overall vitamin D status in the body. Option B, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets, is characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood leading to impaired bone mineralization, but it does not directly affect 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Similarly, Option C, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, is a genetic disorder causing low phosphate levels, not directly impacting vitamin D levels. Option D, Fanconi syndrome, is a renal tubular disorder that can lead to various electrolyte imbalances, including phosphate wasting, but it does not specifically cause a reduction in 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Educationally, understanding the relationship between different pediatric gastrointestinal disorders and their impact on vitamin and mineral levels is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the specific manifestations of each disorder aids in accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) excessive formula that contains polyunsaturated fatty acids may carry a risk. Educational Rationale: Vitamin E deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia due to its role in protecting red blood cells from oxidative damage. Excessive intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in formula can deplete vitamin E levels, exacerbating the risk of hemolysis in infants. This scenario highlights the importance of maintaining a balance in nutrient intake to prevent deficiencies and associated complications in pediatric patients. Why others are wrong: A) Vitamin E can cross the placenta, so this statement is incorrect. B) Hemolysis in the first week of life is more commonly associated with conditions like G6PD deficiency, not specifically vitamin E deficiency. C) While premature infants may have lower vitamin E stores, it is not a direct protective effect against hemolysis but rather an increased vulnerability to its effects due to their immature systems. Educational Context: Understanding the implications of vitamin E deficiency in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers caring for infants. By recognizing the risk factors and consequences of inadequate vitamin E intake, healthcare professionals can take proactive measures to ensure proper nutrition and prevent complications like hemolysis. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric patients who have undergone liver transplantation, the common complication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection can later lead to lymphoma. This is due to the ability of EBV to transform infected B-cells, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and potential development of lymphoma. Option A, Epstein-Barr infection, is the correct answer because EBV is known to be associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in liver transplant recipients. PTLD is a serious complication that can progress to lymphoma if not managed appropriately. Option B, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, while a common post-transplant complication, is not typically associated with an increased risk of lymphoma development compared to EBV. Option C, Hepatitis C infection, can lead to liver complications post-transplant but is not directly linked to lymphoma development as EBV is. Option D, Chronic rejection, is a potential complication post-transplant but does not have a direct association with lymphoma development as EBV infection does. Educationally, understanding the potential complications post-liver transplantation is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the link between EBV infection and lymphoma underscores the importance of vigilant monitoring, early detection, and appropriate management to prevent serious consequences such as PTLD and lymphoma in this vulnerable population.