The least potent topical steroid used in treatment of atopic dermatitis is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone is considered the least potent topical steroid used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. This is because hydrocortisone is a low-potency corticosteroid that is suitable for use on sensitive areas of the body, such as the face, or in pediatric patients. Option A) fluticasone, Option B) desonide, and Option C) betamethasone dipropionate are all more potent topical steroids compared to hydrocortisone. Fluticasone and betamethasone dipropionate are medium to high potency corticosteroids commonly used in the treatment of various skin conditions that require stronger anti-inflammatory effects. Desonide is a mid-potency corticosteroid that is more potent than hydrocortisone but less potent than fluticasone and betamethasone dipropionate. Educationally, understanding the potency of different topical steroids is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, who frequently encounter skin conditions like atopic dermatitis in children. Using the least potent steroid like hydrocortisone in appropriate cases helps minimize the risk of side effects associated with higher potency steroids, making it a safer option for pediatric patients. This knowledge ensures safe and effective management of skin conditions in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-IgE-mediated urticaria, also known as non-allergic urticaria, is a type of hives that is not caused by an allergic reaction. In this case, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be a cause of non-IgE-mediated urticaria. EBV is a common virus that can cause various symptoms, including rash and hives in some cases. The correct answer is C because EBV infection can trigger an immune response leading to hives without involving IgE antibodies. Option A, milk, is a common allergen that can cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions, but it is not typically associated with non-IgE-mediated urticaria. Option B, hymenoptera (bee or wasp) stings, usually trigger IgE-mediated allergic reactions rather than non-IgE-mediated urticaria. Option D, latex, is also known to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions rather than non-IgE-mediated urticaria. In an educational context, understanding the different mechanisms of allergic reactions is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, working with children who may present with hives or other allergic symptoms. Recognizing the various causes and types of urticaria can help nurses provide appropriate care and treatment to pediatric patients. This knowledge can also aid in differentiating between allergic and non-allergic reactions, guiding the management plan effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In anaphylaxis, cutaneous symptoms may be absent in approximately 20% of cases. This is because anaphylaxis is a systemic, severe allergic reaction that can present with a wide range of symptoms beyond just skin manifestations. The correct answer, option C (20%), reflects this fact. Option A (5%) is too low of a percentage, as anaphylaxis often involves more than just a small minority of cases without cutaneous symptoms. Option B (10%) is also too low, as it underestimates the frequency of anaphylaxis presentations without cutaneous involvement. Option D (30%) is too high, as cutaneous symptoms are absent in a smaller proportion of anaphylactic cases. Educationally, understanding the variability in anaphylaxis presentations is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses. Being aware that cutaneous symptoms may be absent in a significant percentage of cases can prevent misdiagnosis or delayed treatment. Nurses play a key role in recognizing and managing anaphylaxis in pediatric patients, so having a comprehensive understanding of the condition is essential for providing safe and effective care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) shellfish. Food allergies can present at any age, but shellfish allergies often have a later onset compared to other common food allergens like peanuts, hen's egg white, and soybean. Shellfish allergies typically manifest in adulthood, whereas allergies to peanuts and hen's egg white often present in childhood. Soybean allergies can also develop in childhood, making it less likely to be the correct answer for late-onset food allergies. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the timing of food allergy onset is crucial for early detection and intervention. By recognizing that shellfish allergies may present later in life, pediatric nurses can educate families to be vigilant for new allergy symptoms as children grow older. This knowledge empowers healthcare providers to provide appropriate guidance on allergen avoidance and emergency response protocols. Additionally, recognizing the differences in onset times for various food allergies helps pediatric nurses differentiate symptoms, provide accurate assessments, and offer targeted care plans for pediatric patients with suspected food allergies. This depth of understanding enhances the quality of care and outcomes for children with food allergies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fixed drug eruption is a type of adverse drug reaction characterized by the development of well-demarcated erythematous patches that recur at the same site upon re-exposure to the causative agent. In this case, the correct answer is C) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs are known to be common culprits in causing fixed drug eruptions due to their ability to induce a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the skin upon re-exposure. The mechanism involves the activation of T-cells and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators leading to the characteristic skin lesions. Regarding the incorrect options: A) Allopurinol is associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, but not fixed drug eruptions. B) Cephalosporins are more commonly linked to immediate hypersensitivity reactions like urticaria or anaphylaxis rather than fixed drug eruptions. D) Nitrofurantoin is known to cause adverse effects like drug-induced lupus or pulmonary reactions, but not typically fixed drug eruptions. Educationally, understanding the specific drug etiologies of various adverse reactions is crucial for pediatric nurses to effectively assess, manage, and educate patients and families about potential risks associated with medications. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of fixed drug eruptions and knowing the common causative agents can aid in prompt identification and prevention of further exposure, ultimately improving patient outcomes.