The leading cause of death for children under 1 year of age is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SIDS is the leading cause of death for children under 1 year old due to unexplained reasons, typically occurring during sleep. A: Motor vehicle accidents are more common in older children. B: Falls are also more common in toddlers who are more mobile. C: Cardiac congenital malformations are a significant cause of death but are not the leading cause in this age group.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tidal volume. Tidal volume is the amount of air normally inhaled or exhaled with one normal breath. It represents the typical volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal breathing. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Expiratory reserve volume is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation; C) Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation; D) Total lung capacity is the sum of all lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The hilum is the region where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit an organ. The anatomical position of the hilum can vary depending on the organ. For example, in the lungs, the hilum is located in the mediastinal surface between the lungs, around the level of the 6th to 7th thoracic vertebrae. Therefore, option D, "all of these," is correct because it encompasses the different anatomical positions of the hilum in various organs. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not fully capture the diverse locations of the hilum in different anatomical contexts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because breathing deeply through the mouthpiece can lead to incorrect peak flow readings. To explain further, deep breathing can artificially inflate the lungs and result in a higher peak flow reading than the patient's actual lung function. Therefore, this action would not provide an accurate assessment of the patient's peak flow. A: Repeating the procedure and obtaining three readings is correct as it helps ensure accuracy and consistency. C: Standing while performing the test is acceptable and does not affect the accuracy of the peak flow reading. D: Reporting the highest reading on the peak flow sheet is appropriate as it reflects the patient's best effort.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Excess alcohol intake. Alcohol consumption can contribute to the development of hypertension by increasing blood pressure and damaging the arteries over time. Excessive alcohol intake can also lead to weight gain and other unhealthy lifestyle choices that can exacerbate hypertension. A: A low-calcium diet is not a modifiable risk factor for the development of hypertension. Calcium intake may have some impact on blood pressure regulation, but it is not a primary modifiable risk factor for hypertension. C: A family history of hypertension is a non-modifiable risk factor as genetics play a significant role in the development of hypertension. While having a family history of hypertension increases one's risk, it is not something that can be changed or modified. D: Consumption of a high-protein diet is not a primary modifiable risk factor for hypertension. While diet plays a role in hypertension, high protein intake alone is not a significant risk factor compared to factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, high sodium intake, and obesity