The largest percentage of water is located in which "compartment"?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: intracellular fluid. This is because the majority of water in the body is found inside the cells, which make up the intracellular fluid compartment. This is where most of the body's metabolic processes occur. Synovial fluid (A), plasma (B), and interstitial fluid (C) contain smaller percentages of water compared to intracellular fluid. Synovial fluid is found in joints, plasma is the liquid part of blood, and interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells in tissues. Therefore, intracellular fluid holds the largest percentage of water in the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: membrane potential. Membrane potential refers to the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell due to the unequal distribution of positively and negatively charged ions across the plasma membrane. This potential difference is crucial for various cellular processes such as nerve conduction and muscle contraction. A: Disequilibrium constant is a term used in chemical reactions to describe the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, not related to the distribution of charged solutes in a cell. B: Charge separation is a generic term and does not specifically refer to the unequal distribution of charged solutes across the plasma membrane. D: Chemical disequilibrium refers to a state where a system is not at equilibrium in terms of chemical reactions, not directly related to the distribution of charged solutes across the membrane.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, which decreases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and enhances sodium reabsorption to maintain blood pressure. This mechanism helps regulate sodium balance. A: Release of renin is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not baroreceptor reflexes. B: Vasopressin release is primarily regulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, not baroreceptor reflexes. D: Vasodilation of afferent arterioles would increase GFR and potentially decrease sodium reabsorption, counteracting sodium balance regulation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is equal. This balance results in no net movement of water across the cell membrane, leading to the cell maintaining its normal shape and size. Choice A is incorrect because in a hypertonic solution, a cell will shrink due to water leaving the cell. Choice B is incorrect as in a hypotonic solution, a cell will swell due to water entering the cell. Choice D is incorrect as it does not provide any relevant information. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as the cell will stay the same size in an isotonic solution.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: acidaemia. A pH of 7.3 in the blood indicates an acidic environment, as it is below the normal range of 7.35-7.45. Acidaemia specifically refers to the presence of excess acid in the blood. Choice A, acidosis, refers to a systemic condition of excess acid in the body, not just in the blood. Choice C, alkalosis, is the opposite of acidosis and describes a condition of excess base in the body. Choice D, alkalaemia, is not a recognized term in medical literature and is not used to describe a pH of 7.3 in the blood.