The kidneys are:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Kidneys regulate volume (water), pressure (RAAS), pH (H+) all apply. This encompasses renal functions, critical for homeostasis, contrasting with single roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Trigone is the bladder's triangular area (ureters to urethra), not sphincters or muscle (mislisted as D). This defines bladder base, vital for anatomy, contrasting with control structures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Creatinine 1.0 mmol/L (~11.3 mg/dL) isn't an absolute dialysis indication level alone doesn't mandate it, unlike refractory hyperkalemia (>6.5 mmol/L, cardiac risk), pulmonary edema (fluid overload), or encephalopathy (uremic toxins), all urgent. Creatinine guides chronicity acute thresholds are symptom-driven. Lack of urgency distinguishes creatinine, critical for dialysis criteria (e.g., AEIOU: Acidosis, Electrolytes, Intoxication, Overload, Uremia), unlike life-threatening indications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Men with UTI need 10-14 days of treatment higher risk of complicated infection (e.g., prostate involvement), requiring longer courses. 3-5 days suit uncomplicated female cystitis insufficient here. 7 days is intermediate under-treats potential complexity. 10-14 days distinguishes it, critical for male UTI clearance, unlike shorter female-focused durations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Torted appendix testis needs only analgesia self-limiting, resolves with pain control (e.g., NSAIDs), correct. Antibiotics are unnecessary no infection. Surgery isn't mandatory rarely needed. Local anesthetic isn't standard impractical. Analgesia's sufficiency distinguishes it, key to conservative management, unlike infection, surgical, or invasive errors.