The inferior suprarenal artery arises from which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Renal artery. The inferior suprarenal artery arises from the renal artery, which supplies blood to the adrenal gland. This is anatomically accurate as the adrenal gland is located superior to the kidneys. The other choices (A: Abdominal aorta, C: Inferior phrenic artery, D: Splenic artery) do not supply blood directly to the adrenal gland. The abdominal aorta gives rise to the renal artery, the inferior phrenic artery supplies blood to the diaphragm, and the splenic artery provides blood to the spleen. Therefore, they are not the correct origin of the inferior suprarenal artery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium. PTH (parathyroid hormone) activates vitamin D, which in turn helps in the absorption of calcium in the intestines. This is crucial for maintaining bone health and normal calcium levels in the blood. Vitamin C (Choice B) is not directly related to PTH or vitamin D in calcium absorption. Iron (Choice C) absorption is influenced by factors other than PTH and vitamin D. Phosphate (Choice D) absorption is primarily regulated by fibroblast growth factor 23 and not by PTH or vitamin D. Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly corresponds to the role of PTH and vitamin D in calcium absorption.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: ADH. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones regulate anterior pituitary hormones. ADH is produced in the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary, not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone. ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin are all controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones such as CRH, GHRH, and PRH, respectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Step 1: ACTH is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Step 2: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol. Choice A is incorrect because CRH is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate ACTH release. Choice B is incorrect because cortisol is produced in the adrenal cortex, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, not glucagon.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.