The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided by families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly increasing demand. Which situation also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches at this time?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Migration and urbanization. Rationale: 1. Migration and urbanization led to overcrowded cities, resulting in a larger population needing care. 2. Urban areas lacked the close-knit community support found in rural settings, making it harder for families, friends, and neighbors to provide adequate care. 3. Increased mobility due to migration made it challenging for caregivers to stay connected with those in need of care, further straining caregiving approaches. Summary of other choices: A: Ongoing wars may have increased the need for caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches. B: Horrific plagues could have overwhelmed healthcare systems but did not address the changing dynamics of caregiving approaches. D: The need to pay caregivers is a different aspect of caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches during the Industrial Revolution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: A baccalaureate degree in nursing. This level of educational preparation is essential for public health nurses due to the increasing complexity of societal needs and rapid changes in public health. A baccalaureate degree provides a strong foundation in nursing theory, research, leadership, and public health principles. It equips nurses with critical thinking skills, evidence-based practice, and the ability to adapt to evolving healthcare environments. Training as a registered practical nurse (Choice A) may not offer the depth of knowledge and skills needed for public health practice. While training as a registered nurse (Choice B) provides a broader scope, a baccalaureate degree offers a more comprehensive education. A master of science degree in nursing (Choice D) may be valuable for advanced practice roles but is not the minimum requirement for public health nursing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Affiliation with a church or congregation. Parish nursing specifically involves nurses who work within a religious community, providing health services and support to members of that congregation. This affiliation with a church or congregation is the main distinguishing factor between parish nursing and other fields of nursing. B, C, and D may also be aspects of parish nursing, but they are not the main difference that sets it apart from other fields of nursing. B focuses on incorporating spiritual aspects into care, which can be present in various nursing specialties. C, holistic care, is a common approach in nursing that aims to address the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients. D, residence within the community, is important for community-based nursing but is not unique to parish nursing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Providing respite and comfort measures before death. Hospice care focuses on providing comfort and support to terminally ill patients, emphasizing symptom management, pain relief, and emotional support. Respite care allows family caregivers a temporary break from their responsibilities. Choices A and B focus on specific aspects of care delivery and legal matters, not the fundamental philosophy of hospice. Choice C is incorrect as hospice care does not involve placing experts in the position of power of attorney; rather, it emphasizes patient-centered care and autonomy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chemical. In this scenario, the agent causing harm to the employee's eyes is the chemical that splashed into them. The chemical is directly responsible for the adverse effects, making it the primary agent in this incident. The other choices (B: Employee, C: Flask, D: Laboratory) are not the direct cause of harm in this situation. The employee is the victim, the flask is the object that contained the chemical, and the laboratory is the location where the incident occurred. Only the chemical itself is the active agent that caused the harm, making it the correct choice.