The incorrect statement regarding corticosteroids in allergy is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the incorrect statement regarding corticosteroids in allergy is option A) The mechanism of action is not known. The correct answer is A because the mechanism of action of corticosteroids is well understood. Corticosteroids act by suppressing the immune response, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Option B) Corticosteroids are lymphopenic is incorrect because corticosteroids actually cause an increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes due to their immunosuppressive effects. Option C) Corticosteroids decrease synthesis of prostaglandins is incorrect because corticosteroids do not directly inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. They work by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2, which leads to a cascade of anti-inflammatory effects. Option D) Long-term usage suppresses linear growth in children is incorrect because while long-term corticosteroid use can have adverse effects on growth in children, it primarily affects bone growth rather than linear growth specifically. Educationally, understanding the correct and incorrect statements about corticosteroids in allergies is crucial for pediatric nurses. It helps in providing appropriate care to pediatric patients with allergies, ensuring safe and effective management of their conditions. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the mechanisms of action and potential side effects of corticosteroids to deliver quality care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In cases of bicarbonate loss in urine, the compensatory mechanism that takes place to keep the pH normal is hyperventilation. This is the correct answer because when bicarbonate is lost, leading to metabolic acidosis, the body compensates by increasing respiratory rate to blow off carbon dioxide (CO2), which helps to decrease the acidity in the blood and maintain a normal pH. Option A, extracellular shift of potassium, is incorrect because it is not a compensatory mechanism for bicarbonate loss in urine. Potassium shifts can occur in conditions like hyperkalemia but are not directly related to acid-base balance. Option B, hyperchloremia, is also incorrect as it refers to an increased level of chloride in the blood and is not a compensatory mechanism for bicarbonate loss. Option D, loss of organic acid in urine, is incorrect as it does not directly address the issue of bicarbonate loss and its impact on acid-base balance. Understanding the compensatory mechanisms in acid-base imbalances is crucial in pediatric nursing as it allows healthcare providers to assess and manage these conditions effectively. Knowing how the body responds to maintain homeostasis helps in providing appropriate interventions and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The difference between unmeasured positively & negatively charged molecules in plasma. An anion gap is a calculated value used in the evaluation of metabolic acidosis. It represents the difference between the measured cations (sodium) and the measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in the blood. The unmeasured anions, primarily albumin and phosphates, contribute to this value. Option A is incorrect because it does not specifically refer to the anion gap but rather a general description of charged molecules in plasma. Option B is incorrect as the anion gap is not solely the difference between sodium and unmeasured negatively charged molecules. Option D is incorrect as it refers to the relationship between sodium and bicarbonate levels, not the anion gap. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the anion gap is crucial for assessing acid-base balance in children, especially in cases of metabolic acidosis. By knowing how to calculate and interpret the anion gap, nurses can identify underlying conditions and provide appropriate interventions to manage pediatric patients effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 10 microgram/kg for the dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest in pediatric patients. This dosage is based on current pediatric resuscitation guidelines and is considered safe and effective for this specific population. Option B) 100 microgram/kg is incorrect because it is ten times higher than the recommended dose. Administering such a high dose can lead to adverse effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and arrhythmias in pediatric patients. Option C) 1000 microgram/kg is also incorrect as it is a significantly higher dose than what is recommended for pediatric patients. This dose would likely result in severe adverse effects and is not in line with safe pediatric medication administration practices. Option D) 10 milligram/kg is incorrect because it is a thousand times higher than the appropriate dose of adrenaline for pediatric cardiac arrest. Administering such a high dose would be extremely dangerous and could result in life-threatening complications for the child. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients, to be well-versed in the appropriate dosages of medications used in resuscitation scenarios. Understanding the correct dosages helps ensure patient safety and effective treatment during critical situations. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines and dosages is essential in providing quality care to pediatric patients in emergency situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding shock is crucial as it is a life-threatening condition. Distributive shock is characterized by decreased systemic vascular resistance, leading to poor tissue perfusion. Early septic shock, option C, is the correct answer as it is a common cause of distributive shock in children. In septic shock, an overwhelming infection triggers a systemic inflammatory response, causing vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Option A, cardiac tamponade, is incorrect because it is a form of obstructive shock where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impeding its ability to pump effectively. Option B, dehydration, can lead to hypovolemic shock due to decreased circulating blood volume, not distributive shock. Option D, critical aortic stenosis, is associated with obstructive shock caused by impaired ventricular outflow, not distributive shock. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate the types of shock and their underlying causes to provide prompt and appropriate interventions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of distributive shock, such as early septic shock, is essential for timely management to prevent further deterioration in pediatric patients.