The inability to produce ADH causes ______.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: diabetes insipidus. The inability to produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone) results in diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive thirst and urination. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water retention by the kidneys. Without ADH, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to increased urine output and dehydration. A: Diabetes mellitus is not caused by the inability to produce ADH. It is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin. B: Uterine contractions are not related to the production of ADH. Uterine contractions are primarily controlled by hormones such as oxytocin during labor. D: Decreased urine volume is the opposite of what occurs in diabetes insipidus. In this condition, there is an increase in urine volume due to the inability to concentrate urine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion. 2. Option D states hyposecretion, which is incorrect for Cushing syndrome. 3. Trunk obesity, moon-shaped face, and alkalosis (basic blood pH) are characteristic features of Cushing syndrome. 4. Thus, option D is the correct answer because it is not a true characteristic of Cushing syndrome. Summary: Option D is incorrect because Cushing syndrome is associated with hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion. Options A, B, and C are true characteristics of Cushing syndrome, making them incorrect choices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gluconeogenesis is not a function of insulin. Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, to increase blood glucose levels. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by suppressing the enzymes involved in this process. Choices A, B, and D are all functions of insulin: A) Decreasing glycogenolysis - insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen breakdown, B) Lipogenesis - insulin enhances the conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids for storage, and D) Glycogenesis - insulin increases the formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because lipid-soluble hormones can freely diffuse through cell membranes to interact with intracellular receptors, leading to changes in gene expression. This mechanism is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones. Choice A is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not constantly produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect as lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic, not hydrophilic, and are often transported bound to carrier proteins in the blood. Choice D is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not formed from amino acids; rather, they are derived from cholesterol or similar compounds.