The hyper-osmolarity of Renal medulla is due to increase content of:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullary hyperosmolarity (countercurrent mechanism) relies on Na+ and urea, not glucose or K+ alone, for urine concentration. This distinguishes osmotic gradient, critical for water reabsorption, contrasting with single solutes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is non-tuberculous opportunistic, not TB-complex (e.g., lungs, not GU focus). Bovis, microti, and africanum are TB-complex cause tuberculosis, including GUTB. Avium intracellulare affects immunocompromised, not typical TB pathology. Non-TB status distinguishes it, key to mycobacterial classification, unlike TB-causing species.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Posterior lamella of lumbodorsal fascia covers, not separates, erector spinae from quadratus lumborum middle layer does that, incorrect. Layers merge near 12th rib true anatomy. Anterolateral fusion with transversus abdominis holds correct. Spinous origin of posterior lamella is accurate structural base. Separation error distinguishes incorrect statement, key to fascial anatomy, unlike true descriptions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypoechoic on renal ultrasound means darker than surroundings less echo reflection (e.g., cysts). Brighter is hyperechoic dense tissue. Black without echoes is anechoic fluid-filled. Same as liver (isoechoic) varies kidney-specific. Darker hypoechoic appearance distinguishes it, critical for identifying lesions, unlike bright, fluid, or neutral patterns.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Multichannel urodynamics is the most accurate tool for incontinence measures pressures (Pves, Pabd, Pdet derived), flow, and EMG, pinpointing causes (e.g., detrusor overactivity). Not all need it initial trials suffice for some. It assesses upper tract risk (e.g., high pressure) false to deny. Pdet is calculated, not direct minor flaw. Accuracy distinguishes it, critical for complex incontinence, unlike overuse, risk denial, or measurement errors.