The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the thyrocervical trunk. This artery generally gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery, supplying blood to the thyroid gland. The other choices are incorrect because the arch of aorta does not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery, the brachiocephalic artery does not directly supply the thyroid gland, and the external carotid artery does not typically provide blood to the thyroid gland. Therefore, the thyrocervical trunk is the most likely source for the inferior thyroid artery.

Correct Answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B because smooth muscle does not utilize troponin to help initiate muscle contraction. Instead, smooth muscle contraction is regulated by calcium-calmodulin complex. A: True - Smooth muscle usually forms 2 layers at right angles to each other. C: True - Smooth muscle contains no striations. D: False - Action potentials in smooth muscle travel slowly via gap junctions, not tight junctions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adenohypophysis refers specifically to the anterior pituitary gland, which secretes various hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Choice A is incorrect because ADH and oxytocin are actually secreted by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Choice C is incorrect because releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens are actually secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the anterior pituitary gland.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Testosterone is best described as virilizing because it is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It plays a key role in virilization. The other choices, lactogenic, adenohypophyseal, and pancreatic, are incorrect because testosterone is not primarily associated with lactation, the anterior pituitary gland, or the pancreas.