The health of which of the following is the primary focus of public health nurses (PHNs)?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Populations. Public health nurses (PHNs) focus on promoting and protecting the health of entire populations by addressing various factors that influence health outcomes at a community level. PHNs implement interventions and policies to improve health outcomes and prevent diseases on a larger scale, rather than focusing solely on individuals, families, or specific groups. This approach allows PHNs to have a broader impact on public health by targeting the root causes of health disparities and promoting health equity. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Families - While PHNs may work with families as part of their population-focused approach, the primary focus is not solely on families. B: Groups - PHNs may work with specific groups within populations, but the primary focus is not on groups as a whole. C: Individuals - PHNs consider the health of individuals within the context of the larger population, but their main focus is not on individual health care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because establishing a system of networks allows for a holistic approach to addressing the various needs of a structurally vulnerable population. By referring clients to different services like preventive care, acute illness care, and chronic treatment, their overall health and well-being can be better supported. Choice A is incorrect because it focuses on addressing multiple health concerns when clients present for treatment of an illness, which may not fully address the underlying systemic issues faced by a structurally vulnerable population. Choice C is incorrect as it only provides acute care services and sets up appointments for other concerns at discharge, which may not adequately meet the ongoing needs of a structurally vulnerable population. Choice D is incorrect because referring clients to specialists for specific health concerns may not address the broader range of social determinants of health that contribute to their vulnerability.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: The CHN's professional knowledge and clinical experience are essential sources of evidence as they provide firsthand insights and expertise in the clinical setting. B: People in the community may offer valuable perspectives but do not constitute evidence that can be directly applied to practice. C: Scientific knowledge is crucial but may not always align with the specific needs and realities of the community. D: Knowledge of the community milieu is important for context but is not a direct source of evidence for evidence-informed practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the impact of an already established disease or condition. Step 2: Lifestyle improvement programs for obese children fall under tertiary prevention by helping manage and improve their condition. Step 3: Establishing these programs through local youth organizations allows for wide-reaching support and resources. Step 4: Evaluating food intake (B) is more related to primary prevention. Providing educational programs to overweight parents (C) is secondary prevention. Measuring BMI in well-child assessments (D) is more about early detection rather than tertiary prevention. Therefore, option A is the correct choice for promoting improved health in obese children through tertiary prevention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: A toxicologist. A toxicologist specializes in studying the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms, including humans. They have expertise in understanding the physiological effects of chemicals on the human body, making them the best source of information for the CHN's query. A chemist (choice A) focuses more on the composition and properties of chemicals rather than their effects on humans. An epidemiologist (choice B) studies the patterns and causes of diseases in populations, not specifically the physiological effects of chemicals. A pharmacologist (choice C) specializes in studying drugs and their effects, which is different from the broader focus of toxicologists on various chemicals and their impacts on health.