The Hardy-Weinberg equation

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the Hardy-Weinberg equation requires all the conditions mentioned in choices A, B, and C to be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium. Choice A ensures genetic diversity, choice B ensures no natural selection, and choice C ensures no gene flow from other populations, which are all essential for the equation to be valid. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it encompasses all necessary conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: It is a non-invasive technique. Ultrasound is safe and non-invasive, making it ideal for prenatal screening as it does not pose any risk to the mother or the fetus. Choices A and B are incorrect because ultrasound must be performed by a trained healthcare professional in a medical setting, not at home, and it requires specialized equipment and expertise, making it more expensive and reliant on advanced technology. Choice D is incorrect as choices A and B are not true, making it not all of the above.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because noninvasive tests can provide accurate results without the need for invasive follow-up procedures like amniocentesis, reducing risks to the mother and fetus. Choice A is incorrect as noninvasive tests do not approach 100% detection for Down syndrome. Choice C is incorrect because noninvasive tests are typically done earlier in the pregnancy for better accuracy. Choice D is incorrect as noninvasive tests do not induce miscarriage, regardless of the baby's health status.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because during Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), the fluorescent probes specifically bind to target DNA sequences on chromosomes. When there is a rearrangement, the probes will separate or change color at the breakpoints, indicating the presence of a chromosomal rearrangement. This makes it easy to detect the location and extent of the rearrangement. Choice A is incorrect because FISH probes can bind to both normal and rearranged chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect because FISH probes do not cause chromosomes to change color; they simply show the presence of rearrangements through color separation. Choice D is incorrect because FISH probes are not full of rearranged chromosomes; they are used to detect rearrangements on chromosomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above, because families with recurrent genetic problems have various options to consider. Decision not to have children can prevent passing on genetic issues. Adoption allows them to expand their family without genetic concerns. Sperm or egg donation provides the option of having biological children through a different genetic source. Therefore, all options - not having children, adoption, and donor options - are available to families dealing with recurrent genetic problems.