The functional unit of the kidney is called

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nephron (filtration to excretion) is the functional unit, not glomerulus (part), corpuscle (subset), or calyx (collecting). This defines renal unit, key for physiology, contrasting with components.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Male cystitis treatment with Augmentin/trimethoprim for 14 days is excessive 7 days suffices (e.g., complicated UTI risk higher, but not this long), inappropriate. Trimethoprim 3 days for female cystitis standard, short-course. Pyelonephritis with IV gentamicin/amoxicillin then 7-day Augmentin reasonable step-down. Nitrofurantoin in pregnancy (dose likely typo, 50-100 mg typical) for 7-14 days acceptable. Male duration overreach distinguishes it, key to guideline-based therapy, unlike appropriate regimens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cyclosporine toxicity is common, not rare narrow therapeutic window, unpredictable levels (e.g., nephrotoxicity), incorrect. Identical twins need no immunosuppression genetic match, true. Rejection symptoms (tenderness, oliguria, creatinine rise) classic, accurate. Infection's early dominance (80% in year 1) correct. Toxicity's frequency distinguishes the error, critical for transplant management, unlike true donor, rejection, or infection statements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: 12-18 years is the peak for testicular torsion pubertal growth (bell-clapper deformity) increases risk, most common. <10 years occurs less frequent. 20-25 wanes still possible. 30-50 is rare adult decline. Adolescent predominance distinguishes it, critical for emergency recognition, unlike younger or older groups.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Plain AXR has marginal value in renal colic not cost-effective, replaced by non-contrast CT (~95% sensitivity). Always doing it wastes resources CT superior. Majority shown (~80%) still misses urate. Low sensitivity (~50-60%) is true but not the full reason CT rules. Marginal utility distinguishes it, key to modern imaging shift, unlike routine or partial truths.