The four main concepts common to nursing that appear in each of the current conceptual models are:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it accurately reflects the four metaparadigm concepts universally recognized in nursing theory: **person**, **environment**, **health**, and **nursing**. These concepts form the foundational framework for nursing practice, research, and education. 1. **Person**: Central to nursing, this refers to the recipient of care, whether an individual, family, or community, acknowledging their holistic needs. 2. **Environment**: Encompasses external factors influencing health, including physical, social, and cultural contexts, recognizing that surroundings impact well-being. 3. **Health**: Represents the patient’s state of wellness, illness, or recovery, emphasizing the dynamic and subjective nature of health experiences. 4. **Nursing**: Defines the profession’s role, actions, and responsibilities in promoting health and providing patient-centered care. ### Why Other Options Are Incorrect: **Option A (Person, nursing, environment, medicine)**: Incorrect because "medicine" is not a core nursing metaparadigm concept. Medicine pertains to medical practice and treatment, which, while related, is distinct from nursing’s theoretical focus. Nursing emphasizes care, advocacy, and holistic support rather than medical interventions alone. **Option B (Person, health, nursing, support systems)**: Incorrect because "support systems" are not a standalone metaparadigm concept. While support systems (e.g., family, community) are important, they are subsumed under the broader concept of "environment," which more comprehensively addresses external influences on health. **Option C (Person, health, psychology, nursing)**: Incorrect because "psychology" is a discipline separate from nursing’s foundational concepts. Though psychological factors influence health, they are integrated into the "person" or "health" domains rather than standing as an independent metaparadigm element. The metaparadigm in nursing (Option D) provides a universal structure for understanding the discipline’s scope, whereas other options either introduce extraneous elements or omit critical concepts. This framework ensures nursing theories and practices remain cohesive and patient-centered, distinguishing nursing from other healthcare fields. Understanding these concepts helps students grasp nursing’s unique focus on holistic care within contextual and relational dynamics.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a family is open to organ donation after a loved one has been declared brain-dead, the nurse's role is to provide compassionate, honest, and non-coercive support while addressing their concerns. The correct choice (B) emphasizes active listening and truthful communication, which is critical in this sensitive situation. Families need accurate information to make an informed decision, and the nurse must create a safe space for them to express doubts, fears, or questions without pressure. This approach respects their autonomy, acknowledges their grief, and ensures they understand the process, including the medical and ethical aspects of organ donation. Choice (A) is incorrect because delaying the decision until grief eases is medically impractical. Organ donation must occur promptly after brain death to ensure the viability of organs for transplantation. Postponing the discussion risks the loss of life-saving opportunities for recipients. While grief is a significant factor, the nurse’s responsibility is to guide the family through the decision-making process with empathy, not defer it indefinitely. Choice (C) is inappropriate as it pressures the family into a quick decision without adequate time for reflection or discussion. Organ donation is a deeply personal choice, and rushing the family could lead to regret or resentment. Ethical practice requires ensuring the family fully comprehends the implications of donation and consents voluntarily, not under duress or haste. Choice (D) is misleading and factually incorrect. Organ donation does not preclude the possibility of a wake or funeral. The surgical recovery of organs is performed with respect for the donor’s body, and funeral arrangements can proceed as planned. Providing inaccurate information could unnecessarily distress the family or dissuade them from considering donation. Transparency about the process, including how the body will be treated, is essential to maintaining trust. The nurse’s primary responsibilities in this scenario are to educate, support, and advocate for the family while upholding ethical standards. By listening attentively and answering questions honestly (B), the nurse helps the family navigate this difficult decision with clarity and dignity, ensuring their choice aligns with their values and the patient’s wishes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the new head nurse should discuss the problem with her supervisor. This is the most appropriate action as the supervisor is in a position to address staffing concerns effectively and make necessary changes. Complaining to fellow nurses may not lead to a solution, waiting may exacerbate the issue, and demanding staff rotation without proper discussion is not a collaborative approach to resolving the problem.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Primary nursing care units have been proven to be highly satisfying for both patients and nurses. This model promotes a consistent and continuous relationship between a patient and a primary nurse, leading to improved communication, personalized care, and overall satisfaction for both parties involved.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The holistic approach, encompassing a therapeutic relationship, continuity, and efficient nursing care, is the most satisfying principle of primary nursing. This approach considers the patient as a whole, taking into account physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects, which enhances the nurse-patient relationship and promotes comprehensive care. It emphasizes individualized care delivery, continuity of care, and an integrated approach, leading to improved patient satisfaction and nurse fulfillment.